Lexikon

Concerted Action on risk Assessment for Contaminated Land
http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/en/umweltschutz/
altlasten/projekte1/international1/caracas

any member of a very abundant and widespread class of natural organic substances, compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, that includes the sugars, starch, and cellulose.

carbon capture and storage (CCS), also mentioned as carbon capture and sequestration, is a means of mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming, based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants, and storing it in such a way that it does not enter the atmosphere.

Storage of the CO₂ is envisaged either in deep geological formations, in deep ocean masses, or in the form of mineral carbonates. Geological formations are currently considered the most promising sequestration sites. Deep ocean storage has a risk of increased ocean acidification. Leakage of the underground storage places has also certain risk.

Although CO₂ has been injected into geological formations for various purposes, the long term storage of CO₂ is a relatively new concept. The first commercial example is Weyburn in 2000. Integrated pilot-scale CCS power plant was to begin operating in September 2008 in the eastern German power plant Schwarze Pumpe run by utility Vattenfall, in the hope of answering questions about technological feasibility and economic efficiency.

CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS.

Capturing and compressing CO₂ requires much energy and would increase the fuel needs of a coal-fired plant with CCS by 25%-40%. Estimates for 2025 say, that costs with CO₂ sequestration will not be higher, than without. (Source: Wikipedia)

Carbon capture and storage has also been used to describe biological capture by plants and microorganisms and subsequent storage of atmospheric CO₂, mainly in soil, and also in surface water sediments.

Biological sequestration involves the net removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere by plants and micro-organisms and its storage in vegetative biomass or structura organic matter. such as humus. Terrestrial carbon sequestration means the storage in storage in vegetative biomass and in soils.

Terrestrial sequestration applies agro- and forestry-technologies as well as ecoengineering tools and offers many potential advantages:

• could sequester relatively large volumes of carbon at comparatively low cost
• protecting or improving soils, water resources, habitat, and biodiversity
• generate rural income
• promotes more sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.

the term used to describe the exchange of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geological deposits.

a colourless, non-poisonous gas (under a certain concentration) that is a normal part of the ambient air. CO₂ or carbon dioxide is formed in combustion of fossil fuel or any carbon-containing organic materials. It is the endproduct of biological oxidation (energy production) by the respiration of aerobic or alternative respiration of anaerobic organisms. CO₂ is employed by plants and other phototrophic organisms in the photosynthesis of carbohydrates.

a carbon-management method, the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and the carbon cycle, and depositing it in a reservoir, in biomass or in stabile natural organic matter forms. See also carbon capture and storage (CCS).

arbon tetrachloride is produced by the high temperature chlorination of propylene or methane. It is used as a feedstock in the production of CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, as a process agent in the production of chlorine, to extract nitrogen trichloride, and as a solvent to recover chlorine from tail gas. It has been phased out in dispersive uses since 1995 under the Montreal Protocol.

carbon management is the concept that the impact of burning fossil fuels on global warming might be minimized.

Carbon management have two main steps: carbon capturing or sequestration and carbon-storage. The practical solutions for minimizing emission and lowering CO₂ content in the atmosphere may differ for point and diffuse sources.

Separation of emitted carbon (primarily carbon dioxide) maybe done by physico-chemical or biological methods. Physico-chemical methods are applied mainly for point sources (treatment of the emission of power plants and incinerators), the biological methods (immobilisation of CO₂ by plants and microorganisms) for diffuse atmospheric CO₂.

The storage may happen as deposites in geological formations or in biomass. The disposal into geological formations is carried out by geotechnologies. Storage in biomass is the result of agro- or ecotechnologies, and the carbon can be stored both in living or dead organic matter, or humus.

Terrestrial sequestration is based on biomass production (plant and microbial) an storage in the soil in form of humus.

carcinogen is a substance or a mixture of substances which induces cancer or increases its incidence (REACH).

Tghere are other definitions, such as the UNECE (2004) "The term carcinogen denotes a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances which induce cancer or increase its incidence".

An third alternate definition is that carcinogenic substances are ones that "induce tumors (benign or malignant), increase their incidence or malignancy, or shorten the time of tumor occurrence when they are inhaled, injected, dermally applied, or ingested".

Carcinogens are classified according to their mode of action as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. Genotoxic carcinogens initiate carcinogenesis by direct interaction with DNA, resulting in DNA damage or chromosomal aberrations that can be detected by genotoxicity tests (OECD, 2006).

Nongenotoxic carcinogens are agents that, at least initially, directly internact with DNA. These indirect modifications to DNA structure, amount, or function may result in altered gene expression or signal transduction (OECD, 2006).

In animal studies, most potent mutagens are also found to be carcinogenic (Maurici, et al., 2005). Substances that induce tumors in animals are considered as presumed or suspected human carcinogens until convincing evidence to the contrary is presented (UNECE, 2004).

Sources:
REACH Glossary
http://alttox.org/ttrc/toxicity-tests/carcinogenicity/
UNECE, 2004
Maurici D, Aardema M, Corvi R, et al. (2005), “Carcinogenicity”. Alt Lab Anim Vol. 33 (Suppl 1): 177−182

carcinogenic effect has a substance or a mixture of substances which induces cancer or increases its incidence and/or malignancy or shorten the time to tumour occurrence. Causing cancer may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Carcinogenic chemicals have conventionally been divided into two categories according to the presumed mode of action. Non-genotoxic modes of action include epigenetic changes, i.e., effects that do not involve alterations in DNA but that may influence gene expression, altered cell-cell communication, or other factors involved in the carcinogenic process.

Cancer is a disorder of the cells, characterized by the lack of programmed cell death. Carcinogens induces the uncontrolled, malignant division pf cells, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. Usually DNA damage leads to programmed cell death, but if the programmed cell death pathway is damaged, then the cell cannot prevent itself from becoming a cancer cell. The objective of investigating the carcinogenicity of chemicals is to identify potential human carcinogens, their modes of action, and their potency. Once a chemical has been identified as a carcinogen, there is a need to elucidate the underlying mode of action, i.e. whether the chemical is directly genotoxic or not. For genotoxic carcinogens it is assumed that, unless exception, there is no discernible threshold and that any level of exposure carries a risk. For non-genotoxic carcinogens, no-effect-thresholds are assumed to exist and to be discernable. Human studies are generally not available for making a distinction between the above mentioned modes of action; and a conclusion on this, in fact, depends on the outcome of mutagenicity testing and other mechanistic studies. In addition to this, animal studies may also inform on the underlying mode of carcinogenic action.

The cancer hazard and mode of action may also be highly dependent on exposure conditions such as the route of exposure. Therefore, all relevant effect data and information on human exposure conditions are evaluated.

carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment in plants. Carotenes are responsible for the orange colour of the carrot for which it is named, and many other fruits and vegetables. Some type of microorganisms also synthetize carotenes.

In humans β-carotene can be stored in the liver and body fat and converted to retinal as needed, thus making it a form of vitamine-A for humans and some other mammals. The carotenes α-carotene and γ-carotene, due to their single retinyl group, also have some vitamin A activity (though less than β-carotene), but all other carotenoids, including lycopene, have no beta-ring and thus no vitamin A activity.

Carotenes are natural antioxidants and such thay are used for dietary supplements or food and cosmetics preservatives to prevent oxidation.

a substance which aids or promotes a chemical reaction without forming part of the final product. It enables the reaction to take place faster, remains unchanged at the end of the reaction and can provide control by increasing desirable reactions and decreasing undesirable reactions.

Biological catalysts are enzymes, which work in the living organisms, anabling reactions take place on low temperature and pressure. They accept specific substrates and catalyse specific reactions.

A catalytic converter in our casr is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an internal combustion engine. Catalytic converters are also used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, airplanes and other engine-equipped machines. A catalytic converter provides an environment for a chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion by-products, such as NO_x are converted to less-toxic substances, e.g. N₂.

it is also called simply caustic or lye, its chemical formula is NaOH. originally ot was produced from soda (Na₂CO₃), today it is the principal co-product in chlorine manufacture. Sold as a household chemical for unblocking drains and used industrially in the manufacture of rayon, pulp and paper, aluminium, soaps and detergents, textiles and vegetable oils.

Central and Eastern European Countries.

CEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council) is the Brussels-based organization representing the European chemical industry. Since its creation in 1972, Cefic has grown to become one of the largest and most efficient advocacy network amongst the industry trade organizations in Europe and in the world, representing 29 000 companies that produce about 30% of the world chemicals and employ about 1.3 million people, 22 national chemical federations and 6 associated federations across Europe. Took part in over 60 Strategy Implementation Groups and Issue Teams dealing with the industry's strategic concerns such as REACH, energy, environment, international trade, research & innovation and many others. More than 4000 industry experts from companies and federations participate in the Cefic groups. CEFIC has Close cooperation with the US, Japan and other major chemical countries through ICCA and many federations and trade unions.

The European Policy Centre comprises 7 programmes, backed up by the two corporate Communications and Advocacy functions:

* Product Stewardship

* Industrial Policy

* Energy, HSE and Logistics

* Build Trust

* Research and Innovation

* Legislation and Advocacy

* Business Development and Special Projects

The Services Unit addresses both in-house support services and member services:

* Procurement

* Support services

There are four Industry Sectors :

* Fine, Specialty and Consumer Chemicals (FSCC)

* Petrochemistry

* Halogens/Euro Chlor

* PlasticsEurope

Source: http://www.cefic.org

Celeron is a brand name given by Intel Corp. to a number of different x86 computer microprocessor models targeted at budget personal computers.

Read more:

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron

CPU: http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_D/

Intel: http://ark.intel.com/products/family/5263

cells from living organisms, e.g. from Chinese hamster or human, cultivated in artificial medium under constant environmental conditions.

Permanent cultures are maintained for years, cells often transformed or from cancer biopsis, used for in vitro biotests.

Primary cells are isolated from an organism, e.g. primary hepatocytes (liver cells).

Cultured cells can be used in biotests in vitro and in vivo and substitute laboratory animals in the testing of chemicals.

the International System of Units is called "SI" and is the Metric Measurement used in America. 1 centimeter is one hundredth from a meter (0.01 m). There are exactly 100 cm (centimeters) in the Base Unit meter. The conversion is shown in the following table:

region of a chromosome with which spindle fibers are associated during cell division, allowing orderly movement of daughter chromosomes to the poles of the daughter cells.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Its common name is Superfund. It is a USA act of 1980 (CERCLA). This federal law was designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Superfund created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and it provides broad federal authority to clean up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger human health or the environment. The law authorized the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to identify parties responsible for contamination of sites and compel the parties to clean up the sites. Where responsible parties cannot be found, the Agency is authorized to clean up sites itself, using a special trust fund.

Two main actions of Superfund:
1. Removal action: these are typically short-term response actions, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response. Removal actions are classified as: (1) emergency; (2) time-critical; and (3) non-time critical. Removal responses are generally used to address localized risks such as abandoned drums containing hazardous substances, contaminated surface soils posing acute risks to human health or the environment, etc.
2. Remedial actions: these are usually more long-term response actions than a removal action. Remedial actions permanently and significantly reduce the risks associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances that are serious but lack the time-criticality of a removal action, and include such measures as preventing the migration of pollutants and neutralization of toxic substances. These actions can be conducted only at sites listed on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL), in the United States and territories.

Certified Reference Material (CRM)is a reference material having one or more property values that are certified by a technically valid procedure, accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation that is issued by a certifying authority.

an experimental exposure of a previously treated subject to a test substance following an induction period, to determine if the subject reacts in a hypersensitive manner.

a diagram that illustrates information in the form of a table, graph, or picture.

Chemical Abstracts Service maintains the most comprehensive list of chemical substances. Each substance registered in the CAS Registry is assigned a CAS Registry Number. The CAS Registry Number (commonly referred to as CAS number) is widely used as a unique identifier of chemical substances. (Source: REACH Glossary)

chemical analyses is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.

Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. The separation of components is generally performed prior to analysis.

Chemical analytical methods are classified according the tool they apply. According to the tools we differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as preparatory methods.

Aim of the qualitative analysis is to find a direct or indirect proof for the presence of the substance in question or its product. Qualitative tools are: identification of the chemical compound based on physico-chemical behaviour (colour, melting point, flame-ionisation, mass-spectrum), chemical reactions, including biochemical and molecular biological (e.g. DNA) techniques, such as product of the chemical substance with a specific chemical reagent. In case of biologically active substances, the product of a biochemical reaction or the response of a biological system can also be measured. A new and very efficient analytical tool is the identification of certain DNA sequences.

Quantitative tools are based on measuring mass, volume, flux or intensity. For measuring the quantity-related endpoint the following traditional and instrumental methods can be used: gravimetry, volumetry, microscopy, spectrometry, mass spectrometry, electrochemical and thermal techniques, etc. Most of the quantitative tools apply standards to be able to express the result of the measured endpoint in concentration.

For the separation of the components of a mixture the traditional analysis applies precipitation, extraction, and distillation, the instrumental tools are the different chromatographic and electrophoretic methods.

Chemical analyses has widespread use in diagnosis and remediation, environmental science and practice, chemical industries, agriculture, food industry and all kind of other industries. The utilisation of analytical methods includes monitoring, early warning or quality assurance on the fields of human health, environment and industries.

chemical elements are a pure chemical substances consisting of one type of atom. Chemical elements are characterised by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in their nucleus. All chemical molecules consists of elements. On the http://www.chemicalelements.co website you can see the periodic table and get deatiled information by clicking on the symbol of the element.

the hazard associated with a chemical is its intrinsic ability to cause an adverse effect. It should be compared to risk, which is the chance that such effects will occur in the realty. Whilst a chemical may have hazardous properties, provided it is handled safely under contained conditions, any risk to human health or the environment is extremely low.

chemical oxidation typically involves reduction/oxidation redox reactions that chemically convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another.

Specifically, one reactant is oxidized loses electrons and one is reduced gains electrons.

The oxidizing agents most commonly used for treatment of hazardous contaminants in soil are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and Fentons reagent hydrogen peroxide and iron.

Cyanide oxidation and dechlorination are examples of chemical treatment. This method may be applied in situ or ex situ, to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids, and may also be applied for the in situ treatment of groundwater.

Source: US-EPA, ClU-In: http://www.clu-in.org/techfocus/default.focus/sec/In_Situ_Oxidation/cat/Overview/

a chemical process in which substances are changed into different substances. Chemical reactions are manifested by the disappearance of properties characteristic of the starting materials and the appearance of new properties that distinguish the products.

chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment.

It covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal.

Chemical safety has many scientific and technical components. Among these are toxicology, ecotoxicology and the process of chemical risk assessment which requires a detailed knowledge of exposure and of biological effects.

Hazardous chemicals, naturally occurring or man-made, can reach our body through different routes (e.g., food, air, water) and cause a variety of health effects.

The number of existing chemicals and their compounds is very large, and for many of them the health risks are not known. Chemicals can be the result of anthropogenic sources or occur in nature. Hazardous chemicals can reach our body through different routes (e.g. food, air, water) and cause a variety of health effects.

Due to the many ways in which chemicals are used and released, the many exposure routes involved, and the different mixtures of chemicals present, the public health relevance of chemicals can be extremely difficult to assess. European Environment and Health Information System (ENHIS) indicators contribute to relate the exposure to hazardous chemicals to various policy measures that can be taken to reduce exposure or to prevent health effects.

Source: WHO — http://www.who.int/topics/chemical_safety/en/

Chemical Safety Assessment is the process aimed at determining the risk posed by a substance and, as part of the exposure assessment, develop exposure scenarios including risk management measures to control the risks. Annex I contains general provisions for performing a CSA. The CSA consists of the following steps:
- Human health hazard assessment
- Human health hazard assessment of physicochemical properties
- Environmental hazard assessment
- PBT and vPvB assessment
If, as a result of this hazard assessment, the registrant concludes that the substance meets the criteria for classification as dangerous according to Directive 67/548/EEC (for substances) or has PBT/vPvB properties, this triggers further steps in the chemical safety assessment:
- exposure assessment
- risk characterization.
(Source: REACH, Glossary)

Chemical Safety Assessment is the process aimed at determining the risk posed by a substance and, as part of the exposure assessment, develop exposure scenarios including risk management measures to control the risks. Annex I contains general provisions for performing a CSA. The CSA consists of the following steps:
- Human health hazard assessment
- Human health hazard assessment of physicochemical properties
- Environmental hazard assessment
- PBT and vPvB assessment
If, as a result of this hazard assessment, the registrant concludes that the substance meets the criteria for classification as dangerous according to Directive 67/548/EEC (for substances) or has PBT/vPvB properties, this triggers further steps in the chemical safety assessment:
- exposure assessment
- risk characterization.
(Source: REACH Glossary)

See: Chemical Safety Datasheet