Lexikon | Mokka lexikon

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Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC

the European Directive defines cosmetics as follows: a “cosmetic product” shall mean any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and
external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.
The products to be considered as cosmetic products within the meaning of this definition are listed in Annex I of the Directive. Other Annexes enlist colouring agents, preservatives and UV -filters, ehich can be applied.
Cosmetic products containing chemical substances hazardous for health should be excluded from marketing. The list of these substances are also given in different Annexes of the Directive.

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0768:20080424:en:PDF

Cyclodextrin Technology

abbreviated as CDT, a bioremediation technology utilizing cyclodextrin (more exactly random methylated beta-cyclodextrin) for improving the bioavailablitity of the organic contaminants e.g. hydrocarbons, PAHs, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soil. The time saving by the cyclodextrin-intensified bioremediation may compensate for the higher price of the technology. Further details can be found in MOKKA database (sheets No. 51 and 175). Further literature: Gruiz, K.; Fenyvesi, E.; Kriston, E.; Molnar, M.; Horvath, B. (1996) J. Inclusion Phenom. Mol. Recognit. Chem. 25(1-3), 233-236, Leitgib, L.; Gruiz, K.; Fenyvesi, E.; Balogh, G.; Muranyi, A. (2008) Science of the Total Environment, 392(1), 12-21

cyclone dust collector

D-value: site specific remedial target value of the Hungarian soil regulation

it is a risk based target concentration for contaminated sites and contaminates soils. The Hungarian low requires the calculation of this target concentration in the remedial plan. The D-value is land-use specific.

Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)

The Dangerous Substances Directive (as amended) is one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety. It was made under Article 100 (Art. 94 in a consolidated version) of the Treaty of Rome. By agreement it is also applicable in the EEA, and compliance with the Directive will ensure compliance with the relevant Swiss laws.

The Directive applies to pure chemicals and to mixtures of chemicals (preparations) that are placed on the market in the European Union, therefore it does not apply directly to substances created purely for research purposes. Additional rules concerning preparations are contained in the Dangerous Preparations Directive (1999/45/EC) , these are very similar to the rules contained in the Dangerous Substances Directive 67/548/EEC.

Art. 2 of the Directive lists the classes of substances or preparations that are considered to be dangerous. Some, but not all, of these classes are associated with a chemical hazard symbols and/or a code.

Explosives (E)
Oxidizers agents (O)
Flammable flammable substances or preparations, classified as extremely flammable (F+), highly flammable (F)
To xic substances or preparations, classified as very toxic (T+) or toxic (T)
Harmful substances or preparations (Xn)
Corro sive substances or preparations (C)
Irritants (Xi)
S ensitizers
C arcinogens (Carc.), classified into three categories
Mutagenic (Mut.), classified into three categories
Substances or preparations that are reprotoxic (toxic for reproduction) (Repr.), classified into three categories
Substances or preparations that are dangerous for the environment (N)

Substances or preparations falling into one or more of these classes are listed in Annex I of the Directive, which is regularly updated. A public database of substances listed in Annex I of the Directive is maintained by the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection.

The Directive does not apply to the following groups of substances and preparations (Art. 1):

Medicines
Cosmetics, which are covered by the Cosmetics Directive
Waste
Foodstuffs for humans or animals
Pesticides
Radioactive materials

The Directive does not apply to the transport of dangerous substances or preparations.

The danger symbols are defined in Annex II of the directive. A consolidated list with translations into other EU languages can be found in Directive 2001/59/EC.

The standard phrases are defined in Annexes III and IV of the Directive. Annex III defines phrases relating to the Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations, often referred to as R-phrases (R-phrases). Annex IV defines phrases relating to Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations, often referred to as S-phrases (S-phrases).

The appropriate standard phrases must appear on the packaging and label of the product and on its MSDS. Annex I specifies the standard phrases to be used for substances that are listed there: these are obligatory.

The lists of standard phrases were last updated in 2001, and Directive 2001/59/EC provides a consolidated list in all EU languages.

Labelling: (Arts. 23-25). In general, the label on the packaging of a dangerous substance or preparation must clearly indicate the following items: the name of the substance; (for substances listed in Annex I, the name indicated must be one of those listed in the Annex (many substances appear in the Annex under different synonyms): otherwise, the name should be "internationally recognized")

Art. 27 of the Directive imposes an obligation on suppliers to provide an MSDS, on paper or electronically, at or before the first delivery of a dangerous substance or preparation. The supplier is also obliged to inform users of any relevant new information which becomes known. Directive 2001/58/EC provides detailed guidance for the preparation of material safety data sheets.

the name, full address and telephone number of the person or company which has placed the substance on the market (manufacturer, importer or distributor);
the danger symbols, if any;
the standard phrases, if any; (certain exemptions are permitted)
the EINECS number or equivalent;
for substances listed in Annex I, the words EEC label.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_%2867/548/EEC%29

Data Quality Objectives (DQO)

Data Quality Objectives (DQO) are qualitative and quantitative statements derived from the DQO process describing the decision rules and the uncertainties of the decision(s) within the context of the problem(s).

DQO process is a quality management tool that enables planners to focus their planning efforts by specifying the use of the data (the decision), the decision criteria (action level) and the decision maker’s acceptable decision error rates. The products of the DQO process are the DQOs.

DECHEMA

German Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology is a non-profit scientific and technical society based in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It has more than 5,500 private and institutional members, among them scientists, engineers, companies, organisations and institutes.

One aim of DECHEMA is to promote and support research and technological progress in Chemical Technology and Biotechnology DECHEMA regards itself as interface between science, economy, state and public.

decibel2

a unit used to express relative difference on power, usually between acoustic or electric signals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two level.

http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/dB.htm

deciduous wood

decision support systems and tools in environmental management

decision support tools

a document or software produced with the aim of supporting decision making, i.e. something that carries out a process in decision support. (Source: EUGRIS)

delayed health effect

a disease or an injury that happens as a result of exposures that might have occurred in the past.

demonstration project

demonstration technology

Derived Minimum Effect Level (DMEL)

For non-threshold effects, the underlying assumption is that a no-effect-level cannot be established and a DMEL therefore expresses an exposure level corresponding to a low, possibly theoretical, risk, which should be seen as a tolerable risk.(Source: REACH Glossary)

Derived Minimum Effect Level (DMEL), REACH

for non-threshold effects, the underlying assumption is that a no-effect-level cannot be established and a DMEL therefore expresses an exposure level corresponding to a low, possibly theoretical, risk, which should be seen as a tolerable risk. (Source: REACH Glossary)

Derived No Effect Level (DNEL)

A DNEL is the level of exposure to the substance below which no adverse effects are expected to occur. It is therefore the level of exposure to the substance above which humans should not be exposed. DNEL is a derived level of exposure because it is normally calculated on the basis of available dose descriptors from animal studies such as No Observed adverse effect Levels (NOAELs) or benchmark doses (BMDs). (Source: REACH Glossary)

detection limit

the lowest concentration of a chemical that can reliably be distinguished from a zero concentration.

detection limit in chemical analysis

in analytical chemistry, the detection limit is the lower limit of detection, or LOD (limit of detection), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) within a stated confidence limit (generally 1%). The detection limit is estimated from the mean of the blank, the standard deviation of the blank and some confidence factor. Another consideration that affects the detection limit is the accuracy of the model used to predict concentration from the raw analytical signal.

There are a number of different "detection limits" that are commonly used. These include the instrument detection limit (IDL), the method detection limit (MDL), the practical quantification limit (PQL), and the limit of quantification (LOQ). Even when the same terminology is used, there can be differences in the LOD according to nuances of what definition is used and what type of noise contributes to the measurement and calibration.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_limit

DIFPOLMINE Project

diffuse pollution of Mining Origin

direct abstraction from surface water

direct contact toxicity tests

direct discharge into groundwater

discharge of pollutants into groundwater without percolation throughout the soil or subsoil.

direct discharge into surface water

direct discharge into the geological medium

direct space

direct sub-basin of the Danube

directing factor in noise protection

Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affair (DG-SANCO)

http://www.epha.org
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/04_scher_en.htm)

disinfectants

disinfectants are used against harmful bacteria and fungi. From the chemical point of view disinfectants belong to strong oxidizers or reductants, acidic or alkaline substances, solvents or surfactants. Most widely used chemical substances are the followings: active chlorine containing compounds, such as hypochlorites, chloramines, chlorine dioxide etc.);
active oxygen containing substances, such as peroxides, persulfates, perborates; strong oxidizers, such as ozone and permanganate solutions; iodine (Betadine); alcohols, most frequently 70% ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, phenolic substances such as pure phenol, cresols hexachlorophene, pentachlorophenol. Surfactants, such as some quaternary ammonium cations or chlorhexidine, can also be used as disinfectants. The use of heavy metals, such as silver, mercury and copper is restricted due to their environmental and human hazard. Concentrated strong acids (phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, amidosulfuric, toluenesulfonic acids) and alkalis (sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides),
such as of pH < 1 or > 13, particularly under elevated temperature (above 60°C), effectively kills bacteria and other microbes.

DNA microinjection

microinjection is a technique for introducing a solution of DNA into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet.

DNA techniques, environmental application

biotechnology is the use of biological knowledge for the development of industrial processes, and the production of useful organisms and their products. The manipulation of DNA has led to a range of applications of modern biotechnology techniques. Techniques such as recombinant DNA technology and DNA identification are applied particularly in agriculture and environmental conservation.

In the following we summarise the applications of DNA technology used in natural conservation

Diagnosis:

DNA profiles to protect animals in wild
captive breeding programs

Curing:

control of feral pests
bioremediation

EC Identification number of Chemicals

the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.

EC Inventory of chemicals

European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances, EINECS: these are substances, excluding polymers, that were commercially available in the EU from 1 January 1971 to 18 September 1981. These were considered registered registered under Article 8(1) of directive 67/548/EEC, dangerous substance directive The identifying number of these substances is called the EINECS number.

European List of Notified Chemical Substances, ELINCS: these are substances that became commercially available after 18 September 1981. The identifying number of these substances is called the ELINCS number.

The "No-longer Polymers" list, NLP-list: the definition of polymers was changed in April, 1992 with the result that substances previously considered to be polymers were no longer excluded from regulation. Consequently, a list, called the NLP-list, was made of such substances that were commercially available between after 18 September 1981 and 31 October 1993. The identifying number of these substances is called the NLP number.

EC lists of chemicals

EC, European Commission

the European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union.
The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 27 Commissioners. There is one Commissioner per member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission

EC50

ECEAE

European Coalition to End Animal Experiments was established in 1990 by animal organisations across Europe to successfully campaign to ban cosmetics testing on animals and to ensure that the Cosmetics Directive introduced a ban on the marketing of cosmetics tested on animals.

The ECEAE opposes the use of animals for experimentation on scientific and ethical grounds. Committed to using strictly peaceful means to end all animal experiments, the ECEAE promotes modern, non-animal research techniques.