Lexikon
A Venturi scrubber is designed to effectively use the energy from the inlet gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream. This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as wet scrubbers. Venturi scrubbers are used to remove very fine dust and mist, and can also remove gases. They rely on high velocity airflow in the scrubber to atomise water and remove particles down into the submicron range.
Venturi scrubbers can have the highest particle collection efficiencies (especially for very small particles) of any wet scrubbing system.
They are the most widely used scrubbers because their open construction enables them to remove most particles without plugging or scaling. Venturis can also be used to absorb pollutant gases; however, they are not as efficient for this as are packed or plate towers.
Venturi scrubbers have been designed to collect particles at very high collection efficiencies, sometimes exceeding 99%. The ability of venturis to handle large inlet volumes at high temperatures makes them very attractive to many industries; consequently, they are used to reduce particulate emissions in a number of industrial applications.
67/548/EEC regulation uses the following riks-phrases for characterisation of the risk of dangerous chemical substances.
Risk Phrases
R1: Explosive when dry
R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
R5: Heating may cause an explosion
R6: Explosive with or without contact with air
R7: May cause fire
R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire
R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material
R10: Flammable
R11: Highly flammable
R12: Extremely flammable
R14: Reacts violently with water
R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
R17: Spontaneously flammable in air
R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
R19: May form explosive peroxides
R20: Harmful by inhalation
R21: Harmful in contact with skin
R22: Harmful if swallowed
R23: Toxic by inhalation
R24: Toxic in contact with skin
R25: Toxic if swallowed
R26: Very toxic by inhalation
R27: Very toxic in contact with skin
R28: Very toxic if swallowed
R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
R30: Can become highly flammable in use
R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
R33: Danger of cumulative effects
R34: Causes burns
R35: Causes severe burns
R36: Irritating to eyes
R37: Irritating to respiratory system
R38: Irritating to skin
R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects
R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation
R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact
R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
R45: May cause cancer
R46: May cause heritable genetic damage
R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
R49: May cause cancer by inhalation
R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R54: Toxic to flora
R55: Toxic to fauna
R56: Toxic to soil organisms
R57: Toxic to bees
R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer
R60: May impair fertility
R61: May cause harm to the unborn child
R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility
R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child
R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies
R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed
R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects
Combinations
R14/15: Reacts violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases
R15/29: Contact with water liberates toxic, extremely flammable gases
R20/21: Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin
R20/22: Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed
R20/21/22: Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R21/22: Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed
R23/24: Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin
R23/25: Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
R23/24/25: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R24/25: Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed
R26/27: Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin
R26/28: Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed
R26/27/28: Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R27/28: Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed
R36/37: Irritating to eyes and respiratory system
R36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin
R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin
R37/38: Irritating to respiratory system and skin
R39/23: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation
R39/24: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin
R39/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed
R39/23/24: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin
R39/23/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed
R39/24/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed
R39/23/24/25: Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R39/26: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation
R39/27: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin
R39/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed
R39/26/27: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin
R39/26/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed
R39/27/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed
R39/26/27/28: Very Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R42/43: May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact
R48/20: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation
R48/21: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin
R48/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed
R48/20/21: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin
R48/20/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed
R48/21/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed
R48/20/21/22: Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R48/23: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation
R48/24: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin
R48/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed
R48/23/24: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin
R48/23/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed
R48/24/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed
R48/23/24/25: Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R50/53: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R51/53: Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R52/53: Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R68/20: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation
R68/21: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin
R68/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed
R68/20/21: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin
R68/20/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed
R68/21/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed
R68/20/21/22: Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed
R-Phrases no longer in use
R13: Extremely flammable liquefied gas.
R47: May cause birth defects.
accordibng to REACH, a substance fulfils the very bioaccumulative criterion when:
– the bioconcentration factor is greater than 5 000.
The assessment of bioaccumulation shall be based on measured data on bioconcentration in
aquatic species. Data from freshwater as well as marine water species can be used.
See also bioaccumulative substance, vPvB substances
according to REACH regulation a substance fulfils the very persistent criterion when:
– the half-life in marine, fresh- or estuarine water is higher than 60 days, or
– the half-life in marine, fresh- or estuarine water sediment is higher than 180 days, or
– the half-life in soil is higher than 180.
See also: persistent substance and very Persistent and very Bioccumulative Substances
substances of very high concern, which are very persistent (very difficult to break down) and very bio-accumulative in living organisms. Annex XIII defines criteria for the identification of vPvBs and Annex I lays down general provisions for their assessment. vPvBs may be included in Annex XIV and by that be made subject to authorisation. (Source: REACH Glossary)
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a periodic motion of small amplitude and high frequency, characteristic of elastic bodies.
vitrification is a technology which uses an electric current to melt contaminated soil at elevated temperatures (1,600 to 2,000°C or 2,900 to 3,650°F). Upon cooling, the vitrification product is a chemically stable, leachresistant, glass and crystalline material similar to obsidian or basalt rock. The high temperature component of the process destroys or removes organic materials. Radionuclides and heavy metals are retained within the vitrified product. Vitrification may be conducted in situ or ex situ.
abbreviation for Volatile Organic Compounds. There are several VOCs among hydrocarbons, such as BTEX.
organic compounds that evaporate readily into the air. In the Hungarian air-regulation VOCs are defined as organic compounds, with higher vapour pressure than 0.01 kPa on 293.15 oK.
VOCs include substances such as benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, and methyl chloroform.
extrusive igneous rocks are formed at the Earth crust's surface as a result of the partial melting of rocks within the mantle and crust. The melt, with or without suspended crystals and gas bubbles, is called magma. When it REACHes the surface, magma extruded onto the surface either beneath water or air, is called lava. The lava cools and solidifies almost instantly when it is exposed to the relatively cool temperature of the atmosphere. Quick cooling means that mineral crystals don't have much time to grow, so these rocks have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture. Hot gas bubbles are often trapped in the quenched lava, forming a bubbly, vesicular texture. In terms of the composition the volcanic rocks are classified in three large groups: basalts (greyish black coloured), andesites (greyish, redbrown coloured), rhyolite (white coloured). In Hungary basalt rocks are to be found in the Balaton and Salgótarján area, while andesite rocks extend from the North Danube area to the Mátra. The Zemplén mountains are mostly made up of rhyolites and partly by andesites. See also volcanic rock, magmatic rock
Volatile petroleum hydrocarbons, that is the GRO (Gasoline Range Organics) consists of hydrocarbons containing between 6 and 10 carbon atoms and includes aromatic compounds, alkanes, cycloalkanes and branched alkanes. Approximately 40% of the hydrocarbons in fresh petrol are monoaromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene (BTEX). GRO is usually measured by headspace analysis or by purge and trap method. The sum of GRO and DRO gives TPH.