Lexikon

ADSL= Asymmetric DSL

adsorbent is an adsorptive material, which is able to adsorb other materials on its specific surface.Adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. Atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption process is generally classified as physical adsorption by weak van der Waals forces, or chemical adsorption by ionic or covalent bonding.

Most weel known adsorbents are activated carbon, activated zeolites, bentonites, aluminium-oxides, magnesium-oxides, silica gels, ceramics, polimers, nanoadsorbers. After use most of the adsorbents can be regenerated and reuse.

adsorber is a device filled with absorbent, which is a solid material, such as activated carbon, that has a high surface area and is used to capture a gas or liquid.

adsorption is the accumulation of atoms or molecules on the surface of a material. This process creates a film of the absorbate the molecules or atoms being accumulated on the adsorbent's surface. It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution. The term sorption encompasses both processes.

Adsorption is often confused with absorption, where the substance being collected or removed actually penetrates into the other substance

Adsorption is a consequence of surface energy: in a bulk material, all the bonding requirements of the constituent atoms of the material are filled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption process is generally classified as a physical process in which weak secondary boundings with van der Waals forces plays role, or a chemisorption, in which covalent bonding is characteristic.

Adsorption is widely used in environmental technologies and soil remediation for soil air or soil gas treatment, for the treatment of the desorbed contaminants from solid soil by thermal desorption technology, for the recovery of valuable gases or vapours, for ground water, surface water, drainages water and leachate treatment, for the purification of extracts, etc.

to transport or carry. For example particulate matter is transported in air by wind, liquid form matter is flowing and contaminants are transported by this flow, etc.

change in morphology, physiology, growth, development or lifespan of an organism which results in impairment of its functional capacity or impairment of its capacity to compensate for additional stress or increased susceptibility to the harmful effects of other environmental influences. (Source: REACH Glossary)

a change in body function or cell structure that might lead to disease or health problems.

aeration of soil means the amount of air-filled pores in the soil, expressed as the volume difference between total porosity and actual soil moisture. Optimum soil aeration is 30% but strongly depends on the structure and packing state of soil particles; 15–20% is normally satisfactory for the growth of grasses and cereals; below 10% is not good for plant growth.

Aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in the soil may intesively use oxigene and produce CO₂ when biodegradable organic soil-contaminants are present in high concentration. If oxygen have been consumed, the redoxpotential decreases in soil, and slower facultative anaerobs start to dominate: the biodegradation of contaminants slows down.

A biodegradation based soil remediation technology can be intensified by soil aeration, increasing the redoxpotential in the soil and activating aerobic degrading microorganisms. This process is called bioventing.

aerobic conditions or processes are those, which require oxigen. In environmental and biological systems biologically available oxigen can be derived from the atmospher in the form of atmospheric air, from the water in the form of water-dissolved oxigen for aquatic-ecosystem, or in the form of soil-air for the soil living organisms. If the oxigen is not enough or not available, the conditions are anoxic. If no oxigen is present at all, we speak about anaerobic conditions.

The biological activity in the presence of oxigen is called: aerobiosis, under anaerobic conditions: anaerobiosis.

acoustic noise caused by turbulent airflow over the surface of a body.

converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire.

an aggregate is a collection of items that are gathered together to form a total quantity.

In environmental sciences we use the term "aggregate" for those crystals, atoms, ions, molecules or living cells, which are not connected to each other with physical, chemical or biological forces or bondage, but are just gathered together.

cancer cells that are fast-growing and have a tendency to spread beyond the area where they started.

see air injection into soil

the contamination of the atmosphere by any toxic or radioactive gases and particulate matter as a result of human activity.

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from industrial plants definition is: air pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the air resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems and material property and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment.

Source: Council Directive 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from industrial plants, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31984L0360:EN:HTML

air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of a column of air above a particular region. Air pressure is measured in pounds per square inch, inches of mercury, or millibars.

level of pollution, and lengths of exposure, above which adverse human health and welfare effects may occur. A prescribed level of atmospheric pollution allowed for a certain compound during a specific time in a specific geographical area. Standards are set by regulating bodies, or agencies.

air sparging involves the injection of air or oxygen through a contaminated aquifer. Injected air traverses horizontally and vertically in channels through the soil column, creating an underground stripper that removes volatile and semivolatile organic contaminants by volatilization. The injected air helps to flush the contaminants into the unsaturated zone. SVE usually is implemented in conjunction with air sparging to remove the generated vapor-phase contamination from the vadose zone. Oxygen added to the contaminated groundwater and vadose-zone soils also can enhance biodegradation of contaminants below and above the water table.

Source: EPA, ClU-In − http://www.clu-in.org/techfocus/default.focus/sec/Air_Sparging/cat/Overview/

air toxicology measures indoor and outdoor air quality and compares to quality criteria.

noise caused by the movement of large volumes of air and the use of high-pressure air.

algebra is the branch of mathematics that uses letters, symbols, and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. Those symbols are called variables.

algorithm is an established and well-defined step-by-step method used to achieve a desired mathematical result.

aliphatic compounds are acyclic or cyclic, non-aromatic carbon compounds.

In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings (in which case they are called alicyclic). Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, joined by single bonds (alkanes), or unsaturated, with double bonds (alkenes) or triple bonds (alkynes). Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic_compound

starting materials in the manufacture of long-chain, primary alkyl amines are natural fats and oils, or synthetic products of the petrochemical industry. Intermediates are alkyl nitriles, which are formed from carboxylic acids and ammonia over dehydrating catalysts (Al2O3, ZnO, or salts of Mn or Co) in liquid-phase reactors or liquid- and vapor-phase reactors at 280-360°C. The nitriles are hydrogenated at a temperature of 80-180°C and a pressure of 1 -10 MPa in the presence of nickel or cobalt catalysts.

R – CN + 2 H2 → R – CH2 – NH2

The formation of secondary and tertiary amines as by-products is generally inhibited by addition of ammonia. Conversion is usually carried out in autoclaves operated in batch process, although there are also plants which operate in continuous process. Depending on the use, alkyl amines are used as such or purified by distillation under reduced pressure.

The most widespradly used alkyl amines are the followings:

• Tallow alkyl amine is a white waxy solid with a pungent amine-like smell at 20 °C.
• (Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine is a light yellow paste-like liquid with amine-like odour at 20 °C.
• 1-Octadecanamine is a colourless solid with amine-like odour at 20 °C.
• Hydrogenated tallow alkyl amine is a white wax with amine-like odour at 20 °C.
• Cocos alkyl amine is a slightly yellow liquid with amine-like odour at 20 °C.

Identification numbers, names and molecular weights are specified here:

Amines, tallow alkyl

• CAS Number: 61790-33-8
• EINECS Number: 263-125-1
• IUPAC Name: Tallow alkyl amine
• Molecular formula: unspecified
• Molecular weight: 267 as average (undistilled)
• Synonyms: Tallow fatty amines
• C14-C18 Alkylamines
• CA Index Name: Amines, tallow alkyl

(Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine

• CAS Number: 112-90-3
• EINECS Number: 204-015-5
• IUPAC Name: (Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine
• Molecular formula: C18H37N
• Structural formula: C18 hydrocarbon chain with one doublebond -NH2
• Molecular weight: 267.5 g/mol
• Synonyms: Oleylamine
• cis-9-Octadecenylamine
• CA Index Name: 9-Octadecen-1-amine, (Z)-
  

Octadecylamine

• CAS Number: 124-30-1
• EINECS Number: 204-695-3
• IUPAC Name: 1-Octadecanamine
• Molecular formula: C18H39N
• Structural formula: saturated C18 hydrocarbon chain-NH2
• Molecular weight: 269.5 g/mol
• Synonyms: Octadecylamine
• Stearylamine
• 1-Aminooctadecane
• CA-Index name: 1-Octadecanamine

Amines, hydrogenated tallow alkyl-

• CAS Number: 61788-45-
• EINECS Number: 262-976-6
• IUPAC Name: hydrogenated tallow alkyl amine
• Molecular formula: unspecified
• Molecular weight: 263 g/mol as average
• Synonyms: N-hydrogenated tallow alkyl amine
• CAS Index name: Amines, hydrogenated tallow alkyl-

Amines, coco alkyl-

• CAS Number: 61788-46-3
• EINECS Number: 262-977-1
• IUPAC Name: cocos alkyl amine
• Molecular formula: unspecified
• Structural formula: C8-18 hydrocarbon chain-NH2
• Molecular weight: 194 - 204 g/mol (undestilled)
• Synonyms: Cocoamine
• Coconut oil alkyl amine
• CAS index name: Amines, coco alkyl-

Alkyl amines are toxic both on the ecosystem and humans.

Ecosystem

Primary alkyl amines need to be classified for possible effects on the environment as N, R 50/R53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms. May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. The classification “R 50” is justified by the results of the short-term toxicity tests using fish, daphniae and algae. The LC/EC50 values relevant for classification and labelling were mainly lower than 0.1 mg/l. Using river water as test medium, the effective concentrations increase due to reduced bioavailability probably by adsorption of the test substances. However, most of the LC/EC50 values determined in river water were also < 0.1 mg/l demonstrating the high toxicity of the primary alky amines for aquatic organisms and supporting clearly the “R50” classification.

In most of the tests on ready biodegradability the pass level criteria were reached failing the 10-day window criterion. Due to the high adsorption of the primary alkyl amines it is assumed that the test substances were only partially accessible for degradation in the tests. Additional tests indicate a comparability of the rates during the exponential part of the degradation curve with readily biodegradable substances. Taking the experimental results together, primary alkyl amines are classified as readily degradable, fulfilling the 10-days window.

However, the available information indicate for a high bioaccumulation potential. The calculated LogPOW is approximately 7, and using a QSAR approach the BCF is estimated to be 158 l/kg. (Meylan et al. 1999). In addition, a preliminary study on bioconcentration using fish and hexadecylamine as test substance was performed. Although the test was performed as research project without GLP and the conditions were not standard, according to this study the BCF for hexadecylamine might range between 200 and 2,400 depending on the parameters assumed to calculate the ratio. Since hexadecylamine is one of the main components of the primary alkyl amines considered in this report, a classification for the group basing on th is test is justified: Long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment cannot be excluded (R50/R53).

Human Health

According to the data presented below the substances in the category “primary alkyl amines” have to be classified with respect to human health as following:

Amines, tallow alkyl

• Xn; R22 Harmful if swallowed
• C Corrosive
• R35 Causes severe burns
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

(Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine

• Xn; R22 Harmful if swallowed
• C Corrosive
• R34 Causes burns
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Octadecylamine

• Xi; R38 irritating to skin
• Xi; R 41 risk of serious damage to the eyes
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Amines, hydrogenated tallow alkyl

• Xi, R38 irritating to skin
• Xi; R41 risk of serious damage to the eyes
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Amines, coco alkyl

• Xn; R22 Harmful if swallowed
• C; R35 Corrosive:Causes severe burns
• Xi, R37 Irritating to respiratory system
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Source: http://echa.europa.eu/doc/trd_substances/amines_hydrogenated_tallow_alkyl/ann_xv_trd/trd_germany_amines_hydrogenated_tallow_alkyl.pdf

a group of carbon and hydrogen atoms that branch from the main carbon chain or ring in a hydrocarbon molecule. The simplest alkyl group, a methyl group, is a carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms.

alkylating agents is a group of chemotherapy drugs. These drugs kill cancer cells by stopping their growth. They can also make it hard for cancer cells to repair damage. Some common alkylating agents are cyclophosphamide (brand name: Cytoxan) and fluorouracil (also called 5-FU or 5-fluorouracil; brand name: Adrucil).