Lexikon

biotin is also called vitamin H or coenzyme R. It belongs to the group of vitamin B. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. It plays a role in the Krebs-cycle (citric acid cycle), where the biochemical energy is generated during aerobic respiration. Biotin also helps to transfer carbon dioxide.

Biotin may also be helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level and is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails. Consequently, it is found in many cosmetics and health products for the hair and skin, though it cannot be absorbed through the hair or skin itself.

Biotin deficiency is rare, as intestinal bacteria generally produce an excess of the body's recommended daily requirement. For that reason, statutory agencies in many countries do not prescribe a recommended daily intake of biotin.

Biotin is consumed from a wide range of food sources in the diet, however there are few particularly rich sources. Foods with a relatively high biotin content include egg yolk, liver, and some vegetables. The dietary biotin intake in Western populations has been estimated to be 35 to 70 μg/d (143–287 nmol/d).

bioventing is a promising new technology that stimulates the natural in situ biodegradation of any aerobically degradable compounds in soil by providing oxygen to existing soil microorganisms. In contrast to soil vapor vacuum extraction, bioventing uses low air flow rates to provide only enough oxygen to sustain microbial activity. Oxygen is most commonly supplied through direct air injection into residual contamination in soil. In addition to degradation of adsorbed fuel residuals, volatile compounds are biodegraded as vapors move slowly through biologically active soil.

The U.S. Air Force has produced a technical memorandum which summarizes the results of bioventing treatability studies of fuels conducted at 145 US Air Force sites. The memorandum discusses overall study results and presents cost and performance data and lessons learned.

Regulatory acceptance of this technology has been obtained in 30 states and in all 10 EPA regions, and the use of this technology in the private sector is growing rapidly following USAF leadership.

Bioventing is a medium to long-term technology. Cleanup ranges from a few months to several years.

Bioventing techniques have been successfully used to remediate soils contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, nonchlorinated solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals.

While bioremediation cannot degrade inorganic contaminants, bioremediation can be used to change the valence state of inorganics and cause adsorption, uptake, accumulation, and concentration of inorganics in micro or macroorganisms. These techniques, while still largely experimental, show considerable promise of stabilizing or removing inorganics from soil.

Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process include:

* The water table within several feet of the surface, saturated soil lenses, or low permeability soils reduce bioventing performance.

* Vapors can build up in basements within the radius of influence of air injection wells. This problem can be alleviated by extracting air near the structure of concern.

* Extremely low soil moisture content may limit biodegradation and the effectiveness of bioventing.

* Monitoring of off-gases at the soil surface may be required.

* Aerobic biodegradation of many chlorinated compounds may not be effective unless there is a co-metabolite present, or an anaerobic cycle.

* Low temperatures may slow remediation, although successful remediation has been demonstrat

Source: US-EPA, Clu-In: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_1.html

biphenyl is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a molecular formula (C₆H₅)₂.

CAS number 92-52-4

PubChem 7095

ChemSpider 6828 Yes

Molecular formula: C₁₂H₁₀

Molar mass: 154.21 g mol−1

Appearance: colorless crystals

Density: 1.04 g/cm3[1]

Melting point: 69.2 °C, 342 K, 157 °F

Boiling point: 255 °C, 528 K, 491 °F

Solubility in water: 4.45 mg/L

Flash point: 113 °C (235 °F)

Autoignition

temperature: 540 °C (1,004 °F)[

Hazards

EU Index 601-042-00-8

EU classification: Irritant (Xi), Dangerous for the environment (N)

R-phrases R36/37/38 R50/53

S-phrases (S2) S23 S60 S61

It is notable as a starting material for the production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which were once widely used as dielectric fluids and heat transfer agents. Biphenyl is also an intermediate for the production of a host of other organic compounds such as emulsifiers, optical brighteners, crop protection products, and plastics.

a bit is a specific amount of information found in computers. It is abreviation of Binary Unit.

Bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes are all increasing levels of bits. A bit is the smallest piece of computer memory. It is either 1 or 0, meaning on or off. It is exactly one-eighth.

the term black earth is synonymous with Chernozem used (e.g. in Australia) to describe self-mulching black clays.

the benchmark dose (BMD associated with a 10% response (for tumours upon lifetime exposure after correction for spontaneous incidence; for other effects in a specified study).

Source: REACH

the lower 95% confidence interval of a benchmark dose representing a 10% response (e.g. tumour response upon lifetime exposure), i.e. the lower 95% confidence interval of a BMD 10.

Source: REACH

body mass index

the total amount of a chemical substance in the body. Some substances build up in the body because they are stored in fat or bone or because they leave the body very slowly.

wetland that has no significant inflows or outflows, supports acidophilic mosses, particularly Sphagnum and in which peat is accumulating. Similar to: fen, marsh, pocosin, swamp, and wetland.

breast cancer can begin in different areas of the breast – the ducts, the lobules, or in some cases, the tissue in between. The different types of breast cancer nclude non-invasive, invasive, recurrent, and metastatic breast cancers. Breast cancer may occur in men.

DCIS – Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

IDC – Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

IDC Type: Tubular Carcinoma of the Breast

IDC Type: Medullary Carcinoma of the Breast

IDC Type: Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast

IDC Type: Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast

IDC Type: Cribriform Carcinoma of the Breast

ILC – Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Inflammatory Breast Cancer

LCIS – Lobular Carcinoma In Situ

Male Breast Cancer

Paget's Disease of the Nipple

Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast

Recurrent and Metastatic Breast Cancer

Source: http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/

BAT Reference Document

investment on brownfield after clean-up. The economical backgroud of brownfiel reuse is the cost-benefit assessment: a beneficial new land use maybe able to cover the costs of the remediation/rehabilitation.

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brownfield or brownfield land is a moderately contaminated area previously were in industrial, mining, waste disposal or certain commercial uses. These sites have the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up.

benzene, or benzol, is an aromatic ring with the molecular formula C₆H₆. benzene is a colorless and flammable liquid with a strong smell and a relatively high melting point. Because it is a known carcinogen, its use as in gasoline is now limited, but it is an important industrialsolvent and precursor in the production of drugs and plastics. benzene is a natural constituent of mineral oil.

Alkylbenzenes are organic compounds that has an alkyl group bound to a benzene ring. Well known alkylbenzenes are methylbenzene, ethylbenzene and toluene, all of them are colorless flammable liquids obtained from petroleum or coal tar, used as a solvent for gums and lacquers and in high-octane fuels.

bulk density is a property of powders, granules and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, (pharmaceutical) ingredients, foodstuff or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter. It is defined as the mass of many particles of the material divided by the total volume they occupy. The total volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume and internal pore volume.

Bulk density is not an intrinsic property of a material; it can change depending on how the material is handled. For example, a powder poured in to a cylinder will have a particular bulk density; if the cylinder is disturbed, the powder particles will move and usually settle closer together, resulting in a higher bulk density. For this reason, the bulk density of powders is usually reported both as "freely settled" (or "poured" density) and "tapped" density (where the tapped density refers to the bulk density of the powder after a specified compaction process, usually involving vibration of the container.)

Sorce: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_density

a sample taken from a larger quantity (lot) for analysis or recording purposes.

a bushel is a British and U.S. customary unit of dry volume, equivalent in each of these systems to 4 pecks or 8 gallons. It is used for volumes of dry (not liquid) materials, most often in agriculture. The name derives from the 14th century buschel or busschel, a box. Its conversion to other units of volume:

Body weight, used in toxicology for quantification of the intake by human, e.g. 3 mg/kg Bw, meaning 3 mg intake per kg.

see classification and labelling of chemicals

classification and labelling of chemical substances under the REACH regulation.

See also: classification and labelling of chemical substances

the cDNA library contains only complementary DNA molecules synthesized from mRNA molecules in a cell.

The advantage of cDNA library is that it contains only the coding region of a genome. To prepare a cDNA library, the first step is to isolate the total mRNA from the cell type of interest. Because eukaryotic mRNAs consist of a poly-A tail, they can easily be separated. Then the enzyme reverse transcriptase is used to synthesize a DNA strand complementary to each mRNA mlecule. After the single-stranded DNA molecules are converted into double-stranded DNA molecules by DNA polymerase, they are inserted into vectors and cloned.

The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) works since 1981 to find new methods to replace the use of laboratory animals in experiments, reduce the number of animals tested, and refine necessary tests to eliminate pain and distress.

CAAT provides a variety of resources, including grants for scientists developing non-animal methods workshops on alternative methods, books, newsletters, and other publications.

They also manage Altweb, an international online clearinghouse of alternatives news. You can visit the video documentary.

See also: http://caat.jhsph.edu/

Concerted Action on brownfield and Economic Regeneration Network.

The CABERNET network consists of 55 Members, including 8 Team Leaders and 4 Coordination Team members, originating from 21 countries across Europe.

The groups cover the different aspects of rehabilitation of brownfield sites. The network has been divided into 8 distinct stakeholder groups. A number of Stakeholder Groups also have invited non-contracted Associate Members.

CABERNET has a distinct multi-disciplinary flavour, consisting of members from a wide range of professional backgrounds including environmental science, engineering, spatial and urban planning, and political administration.

The Members, drawn from across the European Community and accession countries, represent interests that span the stakeholder spectrum.

Source: http://www.cabernet.org.uk/index.asp?c=1125

calibration is he set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, and the corresponding known values. The result of a calibration is sometimes expressed as a calibration factor, or as a series of calibration factors in the form of a calibration curve.

Calibration standard is a substance or reference material used to calibrate an instrument.

Calibration check standard is a standard independently prepared (different source, different analyst) from the calibration standards and run after the original calibration to verify the original calibration. There is usually at least one calibration check standard per batch.

calibration curve gives the relation between analyte concentration and analytical response. Normally at least 3-5 appropriately placed calibration standards are needed to adequately define the curve. The curve should incorporate a low standard not exceeding 10 times the detection limit. Analytical response, where appropriate, is zeroed using a reagent blank. Either a linear or

other curve fit, as appropriate, may be used. Standards and samples must have equivalent reagent backgrounds (e.g., solvent, acid content, etc.) at the point of analysis.

any one of a group of diseases that occur when cells in the body become abnormal and grow or multiply out of control.

Carcinogenity of chemical substances is confirmed by animal testing. In carcinogenicity tests the tumors grown on the effect of the substance are investigated.

the basic substance of nylon synthesis. Caprolactam is produced from phenol.

CARACAL is an expert group giving advice for the European Commission and ECHA (European Chemicals Agency) on questions related to REACH and CLP. It was founded as "European Commission Working Group on the Practical Preparations for REACH" in May 2004. As of September 2007, it was re-named into "REACH Competent Authorities (REACH CA)" and, as of March 2009, into "Competent Authorities for REACH and CLP (CARACAL)".

See also: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/reach/caracal/index_en.htm