Lexikon

the hazard associated with a chemical is its intrinsic ability to cause an adverse effect. It should be compared to risk, which is the chance that such effects will occur in the realty. Whilst a chemical may have hazardous properties, provided it is handled safely under contained conditions, any risk to human health or the environment is extremely low.

the hazard is a property or set of properties, that make a substance dangerous. (Source: REACH Glossary)

hazard assessment consists in using the information about the intrinsic properties of the substance to make an assessment of hazard in the following areas:
1. Human health hazard assessment
2. Human health hazard assessment of physicochemical properties
3. Environmental hazard assessment
4. PBT and vPvB assessment. (Source, REACH Glossary)

Hazard assessment has two steps, hazard identification and establishment of dose-response relationship for observed adverse effects in the specified (eco)toxicological endpoints.

the type of hazard is described by hazard classes. Generally these are subdivided into hazard categories which express the level of hazardousness.
Altogether the GHS comprises 16 classes for physical-chemical hazards, 10 classes for health hazards, and one class for hazards to the aquatic environment.

hazard statements are standardized phrases about the hazards of chemical substances and mixtures. It is part of GHS, the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (CLP)

After the harmonisation of GHS and CLP hazard statements replace R-phrases (used by DSD (Dangerous Substance Directive)

Hazard statements are one of the elements of labelling chemicals in CLP and GHS, which are:

• identification of the chemical substance or other material or product containing cgemicals
• one or more hazard pictograms
  
• a signal word – either DANGER or WARNING – where necessary
• precautionary statements, indicating how the product should be handled to minimize risks to the user and the environment
• the identity of the supplier: manufacturer or importer

Hazard statements for physico-chemical, human health and environmental hazards the following:

Physico-chemical hazards:

• H200: Unstable explosive
• H201: Explosive; mass explosion hazard
• H202: Explosive; severe projection hazard
• H203: Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
• H204: Fire or projection hazard
• H205: May mass explode in fire
• H220: Extremely flammable gas
• H221: Flammable gas
• H222: Extremely flammable material
• H223: Flammable material
• H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
• H225: Highly flammable liquid and vapour
• H226: Flammable liquid and vapour
• H227: Combustible liquid
• H228: Flammable solid
• H240: Heating may cause an explosion
• H241: Heating may cause a fire or explosion
• H242: Heating may cause a fire
• H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
• H251: Self-heating; may catch fire
• H252: Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
• H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
• H261: In contact with water releases flammable gas
• H270: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
• H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
• H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer
• H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
• H281: Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
• H290: May be corrosive to metals

Human health hazard

• H300: Fatal if swallowed
• H301: Toxic if swallowed
• H302: Harmful if swallowed
• H303: May be harmful if swallowed
• H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
• H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways
• H310: Fatal in contact with skin
• H311: Toxic in contact with skin
• H312: Harmful in contact with skin
• H313: May be harmful in contact with skin
• H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
• H315: Causes skin irritation
• H316: Causes mild skin irritation
• H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction
• H318: Causes serious eye damage
• H319: Causes serious eye irritation
• H320: Causes eye irritation
• H330: Fatal if inhaled
• H331: Toxic if inhaled
• H332: Harmful if inhaled
• H333: May be harmful if inhaled
• H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled
• H335: May cause respiratory irritation
• H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness
• H340: May cause genetic defects
• H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects
• H350: May cause cancer
• H351: Suspected of causing cancer
• H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child
• H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
• H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children
• H370: Causes damage to organs
• H371: May cause damage to organs
• H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
• H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure

Environmental hazard

• H400: Very toxic to aquatic life
• H401: Toxic to aquatic life
• H402: Harmful to aquatic life
• H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
• H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
• H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects
• H413: May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life

Some other EU-specific hazard statements:

• EUH001: Explosive when dry
• EUH006: Explosive with or without contact with air
• EUH014: Reacts violently with water
• EUH018: In use may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
• EUH019: May form explosive peroxides
• EUH044: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement

• EUH029: Contact with water liberates toxic gas
• EUH031: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
• EUH032: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
• EUH066: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
• EUH070: Toxic by eye contact
• EUH071: Corrosive to the respiratory tract

• EUH059: Hazardous to the ozone layer

• EUH201: Contains lead. Should not be used on surfaces liable to be chewed or sucked by children.
  • EUH201A: Warning! Contains lead.
• EUH202: Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds. Keep out of the reach of children.
• EUH203: Contains chromium(VI). May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH204: Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH205: Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH206: Warning! Do not use together with other products. May release dangerous gases (chlorine).
• EUH207: Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during use. See information supplied by the manufacturer. Comply with the safety instructions.
• EUH208: Contains <name of sensitising substance>. May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH209: Can become highly flammable in use.
  • EUH209A: Can become flammable in use.
• EUH210: Safety data sheet available on request.
• EUH401: To avoid risks to human health and the environment, comply with the instructions for use.

Source: CLP Regulation

hazard warning may be any word, picture, symbol, or combination thereof appearing on a label or other appropriate form of warning which convey the hazards of the chemical(s) in the container(s) or trasport facility.

wastes on the List of Wastes are hazardous if they have one or more of the following hazardous properties:

H1 “Explosive”: substances and preparations which may explode under the effect of flame or that are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene.

H2 “Oxidising”: substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances.

H3A Highly flammable (first indent): liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21oC (including extremely flammable liquids), or

H3A Highly flammable (second indent): Substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy, or

H3A Highly flammable (third indent): solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the ignition source, or

H3A Highly flammable (fourth indent): gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal temperature and pressure, or

H3A Highly flammable (fifth indent): substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

H3B “Flammable”: liquid substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or greater than 21 0C and less than or equal to 55oC.

H4 “Irritant”: non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.

H5 “Harmful”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks.

H6 “Toxic”: substances and preparations (including very toxic substances and preparations) which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death.

H7 “Carcinogenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence.

H8 “Corrosive”: substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contact.

H9 “Infectious”: substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms.

H10 “Teratogenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence.

H11 “Mutagenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence.

H12 Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid.

H13 Substances and preparations capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any characteristics listed above.

H14 “Ecotoxic”: substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.

categories or generic types of hazardous waste listed according to their nature or the activity which generated them (waste may be liquid, sludge or solid in form):

ANNEX I.

Annex I. A.

1. anatomical substances; hospital and other clinical wastes;

2. pharmaceuticals, medicines and veterinary compounds;

3. wood preservatives;

4. biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances;

5. residue from substances employed as solvents;

6. halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents excluding inert polymerized materials;

7. tempering salts containing cyanides;

8. mineral oils and oily substances (e.g. cutting sludges, etc.);

9. oil/water, hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions;

10. substances containing PCBs and/or PCTs (e.g. dielectrics etc.);

11. tarry materials arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment (e.g. still bottoms, etc.);

12. inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnishes;

13. resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives;

14. chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known (e.g. laboratory residues, etc.);

15. pyrotechnics and other explosive materials;

16. photographic chemicals and processing materials;

17. any material contaminated with any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan;

18. any material contaminated with any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin.

ANNEX I.B.

19. animal or vegetable soaps, fats, waxes;

20. non-halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents;

21. inorganic substances without metals or metal compounds;

22. ashes and/or cinders;

23. soil, sand, clay including dredging spoils;

24. non-cyanidic tempering salts;

25. metallic dust, powder;

26. spent catalyst materials;

27. liquids or sludges containing metals or metal compounds;

28. residue from pollution control operations (e.g. baghouse dusts, etc.) except (29), (30) and (33);

29. scrubber sludges;

30. sludges from water purification plants;

31. decarbonization residue;

32. ion-exchange column residue;

33. sewage sludges, untreated or unsuitable for use in agriculture;

34. residue from cleaning of tanks and/or equipment;

35. contaminated equipment;

36. contaminated containers (e.g. packaging, gas cylinders, etc.) whose contents included one or more of the constituents listed in Annex II;

37. batteries and other electrical cells;

38. vegetable oils;

39. materials resulting from selective waste collections from households and which exhibit any of the characteristics listed in Annex III;

40. any other wastes which contain any of the constituents listed in Annex II and any of the properties listed in Annex III.

ANNEX II

Wastes having as constituents:

C1 beryllium; beryllium compounds;

C2 vanadium compounds;

C3 chromium (VI) compounds;

C4 cobalt compounds;

C5 nickel compounds;

C6 copper compounds;

C7 zinc compounds;

C8 arsenic; arsenic compounds;

C9 selenium; selenium compounds;

C10 silver compounds;

C11 cadmium; cadmium compounds;

C12 tin compounds;

C13 antimony; antimony compounds;

C14 tellurium; tellurium compounds;

C15 barium compounds; excluding barium sulfate;

C16 mercury; mercury compounds;

C17 thallium; thallium compounds;

C18 lead; lead compounds;

C19 inorganic sulphides;

C20 inorganic fluorine compounds, excluding calcium fluoride;

C21 inorganic cyanides;

C22 the following alkaline or alkaline earth metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium in uncombined form;

C23 acidic solutions or acids in solid form;

C24 basic solutions or bases in solid form;

C25 asbestos (dust and fibres);

C26 phosphorus: phosphorus compounds, excluding mineral phosphates;

C27 metal carbonyls;

C28 peroxides;

C29 chlorates;

C30 perchlorates;

C31 azides;

C32 PCBs and/or PCTs;

C33 pharmaceutical or veterinary coumpounds;

C34 biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances (e.g. pesticides, etc.);

C35 infectious substances;

C36 creosotes;

C37 isocyanates; thiocyanates;

C38 organic cyanides (e.g. nitriles, etc.);

C39 phenols; phenol compounds;

C40 halogenated solvents;

C41 organic solvents, excluding halogenated solvents;

C42 organohalogen compounds, excluding inert polymerized materials and other substances referred to in this Annex;

C43 aromatic compounds; polycyclic and heterocyclic organic compounds;

C44 aliphatic amines;

C45 aromatic amines C46 ethers;

C47 substances of an explosive character, excluding those listed elsewhere in this Annex;

C48 sulphur organic compounds;

C49 any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan;

C50 any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin;

C51 hydrocarbons and their oxygen; nitrogen and/or sulphur compounds not otherwise taken into account in this Annex.

Certain duplications of generic types of hazardous wastes listed in Annex I are intentional.

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0689:EN:HTML

the waste properties of wastes are enlisted here:

H1 "Explosive": substances and preparations which may explode under the effect of flame or which are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene.

H2 "Oxidizing": substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances.

H3-A "Highly flammable":

- liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21 °C (including extremely flammable liquids), or
- substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy, or
- solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the source of ignition, or
- gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal pressure, or
- substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

H3-B "Flammable": liquid substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or greater than 21 °C and less than or equal to 55 °C.

H4 "Irritant": non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.

H5 "harmful": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks.

H6 "Toxic": substances and preparations (including very toxic substances and preparations) which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death.

H7 "Carcinogenic": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence.

H8 "Corrosive": substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contacts.

H9 "Infectious": substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms.

H10 "Teratogenic": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence.

H11 "Mutagenic": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence.

H12 Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid.

H13 Substances and preparations capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above.

H14 "Ecotoxic": substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.

1. Attribution of the hazard properties "toxic" (and "very toxic"), "harmful", "corrosive" and "irritant" is made on the basis of the criteria laid down by Annex VI, part I A and part II B, of Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 of the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (1), in the version as amended by Council Directive 79/831/EEC (2).

2. With regard to attribution of the properties "carcinogenic", "teratogenic" and "mutagenic", and reflecting the most recent findings, additional criteria are contained in the Guide to the classification and labelling of dangerous substances and preparations of Annex VI (part II D) to Directive 67/548/EEC in the version as amended by Commission Directive 83/467/EEC (1).

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0689:EN:HTML

a physical agent, a chemical substance or a biological organism has health hazard, for which there is statistically significant evidence that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed organisms or humans. This evidence should be based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles, standardised test methods or epidemiological studies.

There are numerous health hazards that can affect people in their natural environment or at their workplace. According to these two categories we distinguish environmnetal helath hazard and occupational health hazard.

Examples of environmental health hazards may be:

There are numerous health hazards that can affect people in their natural environment. Examples of environmental health hazards enlisted by Wikipedia and completed by authors, are the following:

• air pollution
• allergens
• anthrax
• antibiotic agents in animals destined for human consumption
• antibiotic resistance
• arbovirus
• arsenic - a contaminant of fresh water sources (water wells)
• asbestos - carcinogenic
• avian influenza
• bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
• carcinogens
• chemical substances (many different substances with a wide range of effects)
• cholera
• climate change
• cold
• cosmic rays
• dioxins
• drought
• dysentery
• electromagnetic fields and radiation
• environmental pollution
• endocrine disruptors
• epidemics
• e-waste
• explosive material
• extreme weather
• floods
• food poisoning
• fungicides
• furans
• global warming
• haloalkanes
• heat
• heavy metals
• herbicides
• hormones in animals destined for human consumption
• immune-disruptors
• ionisation radiation
• lead in paint
• light pollution
• lighting
• lightning
• malaria
• marine debris
• mercury
• metals
• molds
• mutagens
• noise pollution
• onchocerciasis (river blindness)
• pandemics
• pathogens
• pesticides
• pollen for allergic people
• polychlorinated biphenyls
• quicksand
• rabies
• radon and other natural sources of radioactivity
• sensitisers
• severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
• sick building syndrome
• soil pollution
• tobacco smoking
• toxic waste
• ultraviolet light
• vibration
• water pollution
• waste disposal, illegal
• wildfire
• x-rays

Mechanical hazards include:

By type of agent:

• Impact force: collisions, falls from height
• Struck by objects
• Confined space
• Slips and trips
• Falling on a pointed object
• Compressed air/high pressure fluids (such as cutting fluid)
• Entanglement
• Equipment-related injury

By type of damage:

• Crushing
• Cutting
• Friction and abrasion
• Shearing
• Stabbing and puncture

Other physical hazards:

• Noise
• Vibration
• Lighting
• Barotrauma (hypobaric/hyperbaric pressure)
• Ionizing radiation
• Electricity
• Asphyxiation
• Cold stress (hypothermia)
• Heat stress (hyperthermia)
• Dehydration (due to sweating)

Biological hazards include:

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Mold
• Blood-borne pathogens
• Tuberculosis

Chemical hazards include:

• Acids
• Bases
• Heavy metals
• Lead
• Solvents
• Petroleum
• Particulates
• Asbestos and other fine dust/fibrous materials
• Silica
• Fumes (noxious gases/vapors)
• Highly-reactive chemicals
• Fire, conflagration and explosion hazards:
• Explosion
• Deflagration
• Detonation
• Conflagration

Psychosocial issues include:

• Work-related stress, whose causal factors include excessive working time and overwork
• Violence from outside the organisation
• Bullying, which may include emotional and verbal abuse
• Sexual harassment
• Mobbing
• Burnout
• Exposure to unhealthy elements during meetings with business associates, e.g. tobacco, uncontrolled alcohol

Musculoskeletal disorders, avoided by the employment of good ergonomic design