Lexikon

EU legislation regulates the marketing and use of plant protection products and their residues in food.

Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market lays down rules and procedures for approval of the active substances at EU-level and for the authorisation at Member State level of plant protection products (PPPs) containing these substances. This Directive states that substances cannot be used in plant protection products unless they are included in a positive EU list. Once a substance is included in the positive list Member States may authorise the use of products containing them.

Pesticides residues in food are regulated by Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 . The legislation covers the setting, monitoring and control of pesticides residues in products of plant and animal origin that may arise from their use in plant protection. The maximum levels set are those consistent with good agricultural practice in Member States and third countries. The levels are set after an evaluation of any risks to consumers of different age groups and they are only set if they are considered safe. Nonetheless, MRLs (Minimal Risk Level) exceedences are closely monitored, evaluated and communicated to the authorities in the Member States through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed whenever there is a potential risk to consumers.

Both Directive 91/414 on the placing on the market of plant protection products and Regulation 396/2005 on pesticide residues in food and feed aim at a high level of protection of human health and the environment.

The European Parliament approved new EU pesticides legislation in January 2009, which will increase the number of pesticides available in Member States, while in due course banning the use of certain dangerous chemicals in these products. Measures to ensure the safer use of pesticides in daily life will also be introduced.

The key points of the new regulation, which deals with the production and licensing of pesticides, are as follows:

• A positive list of approved "active substances" (the chemical ingredients of pesticides) is to be drawn up at EU level. Pesticides will then be licensed at national level on the basis of this list.

• Certain highly toxic chemicals will be banned unless exposure to them would in practice be negligible, namely those which are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction, those which are endocrine-disrupting, and those which are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB).

• For developmental neurotoxic and immunotoxic substances, higher safety standards may be imposed.

• If a substance is needed to combat a serious danger to plant health, it may be approved for up to five years even if it does not meet the above safety criteria.

• Products containing certain hazardous substances are to be replaced if safer alternatives are shown to exist. MEPs successfully demanded a shorter deadline for their replacement, of three years rather than five.

• Substances likely to be harmful to honeybees will be outlawed.

see plant protection products directive, 91/414/EEC

a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is defined as an in situ method for remediating contaminated ground water that combines a passive chemical or biological treatment zone with subsurface fluid flow management. Treatment media may include zero-valent iron, chelators, sorbents, and microbes to address a wide variety of ground-water contaminants, such as chlorinated solvents, other organics, metals, inorganics, and radionuclides. The contaminants are concentrated and either degraded or retained in the barrier material, which may need to be replaced periodically. There are approximately 100 PRBs operating in the United States and at least 25 internationally.

PRBs can be installed as permanent or semi-permanent units. The most commonly used PRB configuration is that of a continuous trench in which the treatment material is backfilled. The trench is perpendicular to and intersects the ground-water plume. Another frequently used configuration is the funnel and gate, in which low-permeability walls (the funnel) direct the ground-water plume toward a permeable treatment zone (the gate). Some gates are in situ reactors that are readily accessible to facilitate the removal and replacement of reactive media. These PRBs use collection trenches, funnels, or complete containment to capture the plume and pass the ground water, by gravity or hydraulic head, through a vessel containing either a single treatment medium or sequential media. In circumstances where in situ treatment is found to be impracticable, reactive vessels have been located above ground.

Zero-valent iron has performed so successfully in PRB technology that it is now being applied directly for source zone treatment. Though this measure is not considered a PRB, examples of the technology will be included in the PRB pages because the reactive media and treatment mechanism are related. Pneumatic fracturing and injection, hydraulic fracturing, and injection via direct push rigs have been used successfully to introduce the reactive media to the ground-water or soil source area.

Source: US-EPA, Clu-In: http://www.clu-in.org/techfocus/default.focus/sec/Permeable_Reactive_Barriers%2C_Permeable_Treatment_Zones%2C_and_Application_of_Zero-Valent_Iron/cat/Overview/

precautionary principle orientate us in the decision wheather and action should be done or should not be done if the information on the risk is not vaialable or not satisfactory. Precautionary principle should be applied when there is no certain information on risk.

The principle implies that there is a social responsibility to protect the public from exposure to harm, when scientific investigation has found a plausible risk.

Precaution may be defined as "caution in advance," "caution practised in the context of uncertainty," or informed prudence. All definitions have two key elements.

1. an expression of a need by decision-makers to anticipate harm before it occurs. Within this element lies an implicit reversal of the onus of proof: under the precautionary principle it is the responsibility of an activity proponent to establish that the proposed activity will not (or is very unlikely to) result in significant harm.
2. the establishment of an obligation, if the level of harm may be high, for action to prevent or minimise such harm even when the absence of scientific certainty makes it difficult to predict the likelihood of harm occurring, or the level of harm should it occur. The need for control measures increases with both the level of possible harm and the degree of uncertainty.

The European Commission issued a Communication on the precautionary principle in 2000, in which it adopted a procedure for the application of this concept,accepting the Lisbon Treaty advise:

"Union policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Union. It shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay."

Fields typically concerned by the precautionary principle are the possibility of:

• Global warming or abrupt climate change in general
• Extinction of species
• Introduction of new and potentially harmful products into the environment, threatening biodiversity (e.g., genetically modified organisms)
• Threats to public health, due to new diseases and techniques (e.g., AIDS transmitted through blood transfusion)
• Long term effects of new technologies (e.g. health concerns regarding radiation from cell phones and other electronics communications devices Mobile phone radiation and health)
• Persistent or acute pollution (asbestos, endocrine disruptors...)
• Food safety (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
• Other new biosafety issues (e.g., artificial life, new molecules)

The precautionary principle is often applied to biological fields because changes cannot be easily contained and have the potential of being global. The principle has less relevance to contained fields such as aeronautics, where the few people undergoing risk have given informed consent (e.g., a test pilot). In the case of technological innovation, containment of impact tends to be more difficult if that technology can self-replicate. Bill Joy emphasized the dangers of replicating genetic technology, nanotechnology, and robotic technology in his article in Wired Magazine, "Why the future doesn't need us", though he does not specifically cite the precautionary principle. The application of the principle can be seen in the public policy of requiring pharmaceutical companies to carry out clinical trials to showhttp://enfo.hu/mokka/secure/.tmp/glossary/glossary_edit.php that new medications are safe.

The costs and social consequences (increased fear in humans) of the application of the precautionary principle are not clearly beneficial.

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle

Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle, COM(2000) 1

precautionary statements (P) is part of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). These arestandardized phrases giving advice about the correct handling of chemical substances and mixtures. P-statement replace the S-phrases, used by DSD (Dangerous Substances Directive).

Precautionary statements are one of the key elements for the labelling of chemical substances and products under the GHS, together with the exact identicifation of the product,hazard pictograms, signal word – either DANGER or WARNING, hazard statements, indicating the nature and degree of the risks posed by the product and the identity of the supplier (manufacturer or importer).

Each precautionary statement is designated a code, starting with the letter P and followed by three digits. Some precautionary phrases are combinations, indicated by a plus sign "+".

General precautionary statements

* P101: If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand

* P102: Keep out of reach of children

* P103: Read label before use

Prevention precautionary statements

* P201: Obtain special instructions before use

* P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood

* P210: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking

* P211: Do not spray on an open flame or other igntion source

* P220: Keep/Store away from clothing/…/combustible materials

* P221: Take any precaustion to avoid mixinn with combustibles

* P222: Do not allow contact with air

* P223: Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire

* P230: Keep wetted with …

* P231: Handle under inert gas

* P232: Protect from moisture

* P233: Keep container tightly closed

* P234: Keep only in original container

* P235: Keep cool

* P240: Ground/bond container and receiving equipment

* P241: Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/light/…/equipment

* P242: Use only non-sparking tools

* P243: Take precautionary measures against static discharge

* P244: Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil

* P250: Do not subject to grinding/shock/…/friction

* P251: Pressurized container – Do not pierce or burn, even after use

* P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray

* P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray

* P262: Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing

* P263: Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing

* P264: Wash … thoroughly after handling

* P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product

* P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area

* P272: Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace

* P273: Avoid release to the environment

* P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection

* P281: Use personal protective equipment as required

* P282: Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection

* P283: Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing

* P284: Wear respiratory protection

* P285: In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection

* P231+232: Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture

* P235+410: Keep cool. Protect from sunlight

Response precautionary statements

* P301: IF SWALLOWED:

* P302: IF ON SKIN:

* P303: IF ON SKIN (or hair):

* P304: IF INHALED:

* P305: IF IN EYES:

* P306: IF ON CLOTHING:

* P307: IF exposed:

* P308: IF exposed or concerned:

* P309: IF exposed or you feel unwell:

* P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

* P311: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

* P312: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell

* P313: Get medical advice/attention

* P314: Get Medical advice/attention if you feel unwell

* P315: Get immediate medical advice/attention

* P320: Specific treatment is urgent (see … on this label)

* P321: Specific treatment (see … on this label)

* P322: Specific measures (see … on this label)

* P330: Rinse mouth

* P331: Do NOT induce vomiting

* P332: If skin irritation occurs:

* P333: If skin irritation or a rash occurs:

* P334: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages

* P335: Brush off loose particles from skin

* P336: Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected areas

* P337: If eye irritation persists:

* P338: Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. continue rinsing

* P340: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

* P341: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

* P342: If experiencing respiratory symptoms:

* P350: Gently wash with soap and water

* P351: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes

* P352: Wash with soap and water

* P353: Rinse skin with water/shower

* P360: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes

* P361: Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing

* P362: Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse

* P363: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse

* P370: In case of fire:

* P371: In case of major fire and large quantities:

* P372: Explosion risk in case of fire

* P373: DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives

* P374: Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance

* P375: Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion

* P376: Stop leak if safe to do so

* P377: Leaking gas fire – do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely

* P378: Use … for extinction

* P380: Evacuate area

* P381: Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so

* <span class="abbr" style="color: blue; border-bottom: 1px dotted blue" title="Error in hazard statements">P391: Collect spillage

* P301+310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

* P301+312: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell

* P301+330+331: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting

* P302+334: IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages

* P302+350: IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with soap and water

* P302+352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water

* P303+361+353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower

* P304+312: IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell

* P304+340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

* P304+341: IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

* P305+351+338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do – continue rinsing

* P306+360: IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes

* P307+311: IF exposed: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

* P308+313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention

* P309+311: IF exposed or you feel unwell: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

* P332+313: If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention

* P333+313: If skin irritation or a rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention

* P335+334: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages

* P337+313: Get medical advice/attention

* P342+311: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

* P370+376: In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so

* P370+378: In case of fire: Use … for extinction

* P370+380: In case of fire: Evacuate area

* P370+380+375: In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion

* P371+380+375: In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion

Storage precautionary statements

* P401: Store …

* P402: Store in a dry place

* P403: Store in a well ventilated place

* P404: Store in a closed container

* P405: Store locked up

* P406: Store in a corrosive resistant/… container with a resistant inner liner

* P407: Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets

* P410: Protect from sunlight

* P411: Store at temperatures not exceeding … °C/… °F

* P412: Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/122 °F

* P420: Store away from other materials

* P422: Store contents under …

* P402+404: Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container

* P403+233: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed

* P403+235: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep cool

* P410+403: Protect from sunlight. Store in a well ventilated place

* P410+412: Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/122 °F

* P411+235: Store at temperatures not exceeding … °C/… °F. Keep cool

Disposal precautionary statements

* P501: Dispose of contents/container to ..

precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.

The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.Although the two words reproducibility and repeatability can be synonymous in colloquial use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the scientific method.

A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.

A measurement system is designated valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms include bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and error (random variability).

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision

The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.

Precision shoul be distingueshed from accuracy.

A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both.

For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.

concentration of the substance below which adverse effects in the environmental sphere of concern are not expected to occur. PNEC is relevant for an ecosystem, e.g. aquatic or terrestrial. PNEC is generally calculated from the ecotoxicity test results of testorganisms of three different trophic levels by factorial extrapolation, using safety factors or by statistical extrapolation.

Applying factorial extrapolation the following assessment factors are applied according to uniform protocols:

f=1000: at least one short-term EC50 from each of three trophic levels,
f = 100: long-term NOEC from one trophic level besides 2 acute,
f = 50: long-term NOEC from species representing two trophic levels besides one acute,
f = 10: long-term NOEC from at least three trophic levels,
f = 1: PNEC can be directly measured in microcosms, mesocosms or ecosystem-field-testing.

Another method to determine a PNEC value is the use of statistical extrapolation methods using the variation in species sensitivity. If a large data set with NOECs from long-term experiments for different taxonomic groups is available, these values can be used to draw a distribution. This distribution that describes the variability of hazard of a substance to organisms is called a Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD). This distribution can be presented as a frequency distribution (cumulative normal distribution curves or other similar distribution curves) of NOEC values for species. From this curve we can read Xm, the mean toxicity expressed as the mean NOEC value of a substance. The Sm represents the toxicity range or variation in sensitivity of a substance.

The main assumption on the use of SSDs in risk assessment is that the distribution based on a selection of species (tested in laboratory experiments) are representative for all species (in the field).

Statistical extrapolation methods may be used to derive a PNEC from a SSD by taking a prescribed percentile of this distribution. For pragmatic reasons it has been decided that the concentration corresponding with the point in the SSD profile below which 5% of the species occur, should be derived as an intermediate value in the determination of a PNEC. This 5% point in the SSD is also identified as a hazardous concentration (HC) at which a certain percentage (in this case 5%) of all species is assumed to be affected.

a protected species is any plant or animal a government declares by law to warrant protection. Most protected species are considered either threatened or endangered. In these cases, a government establishes certain rules regarding the species, that if violated, can result in fines or criminal prosecution.

The impetus behind protected species laws is risk of species extinction. Ecologists have demonstrated that losing even the smallest of species can have a direct effect on the rest of the plant and animal population. For example, a grass eaten by a specific animal becomes extinct due to habitat destruction. The animal may die off as a result of not finding its food source available, causing further disruptions in the food chain.

Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-protected-species.htm

see pyroclastics

The information required in technical dossiers is dependant on the annual tonnage of the substance, and is specified in Annexes VI-X of REACH. It includes:

• Registrant details;
• Joint submission details;
• Third party representatives;
• Substance identity;
• Manufacture and use;
• Classification and labelling;
• Guidance on safe use;
• Exposure information (1 to 10 tonne band only);
• (Robust) study summaries reporting on the physiochemical, toxicological, and ecotoxicological properties of the substance;
• Proposals for additional testing;
• Justification to keep commercially sensitive information out of the public domain.

Annex VI specifies the general information which must be provided for all substances regardless of tonnage.

Annexes VII to X give details of the physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties that must be provided for each tonnage band.

recombinant DNA technology means the procedure used to join together DNA segments in a cell-free system (an environment outside a cell or organism). Under appropriate conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, either autonomously or after it has become integrated into a cellular chromosome.

Recombinant DNA technology is also called genetic engineering or in vitro DNA recombination.

minimizing waste generation from site remediation by recovering and reprocessing usable products that might otherwise become waste (Source: EUGRIS).

REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2008
on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:353:0001:1355:en:PDF

Sustainable maNagement of sOil and groundWater under the pressure of soil pollution and soil contaMinAtioN. The objectives of SNOWMAN are to:
1. Review European research activity in the field of protection of soil and groundwater from contamination;
2. Produce a new vision which identifies research needs in this area at the European scale;
3. Develop mechanisms to improve cooperation and coordination between the member states in the delivery of this new research agenda.
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/science/922300/scienceprojects

a Socio Economic Assessment and Analysis (SEA) may include the following elements:

1. Impact of a granted or refused authorisation on the applicant(s), or, in the case of a proposed restriction, the impact on industry (e.g. manufacturers and importers). The impact on all other actors in the supply chain, downstream users and associated businesses in terms of commercial consequences such as impact on investment, research and development, innovation, one-off and operating costs (e.g. compliance, transitional arrangements, changes to existing processes, reporting and monitoring systems, installation of new technology, etc.) taking into account general trends in the market and technology.
2. Impacts of a granted or refused authorisation, or a proposed restriction, on consumers. For example, product prices, changes in composition or quality or performance of products, availability of products, consumer choice, as well as effects on human health and the environment to the extent that these affect consumers.
3. Social implications of a granted or refused authorisation, or a proposed restriction. For example job security and employment.
4. Availability, suitability, and technical feasibility of alternative substances and/or technologies, and economic consequences thereof, and information on the rates of, and potential for, technological change in the sector(s) concerned. In the case of an application for authorisation, the social and/or economic impacts of using any available alternatives.
5. Wider implications on trade, competition and economic development (in particular for SMEs and in relation to third countries) of a granted or refused authorisation, or a proposed restriction. This may include consideration of local, regional, national or international aspects.
6. In the case of a proposed restriction, proposals for other regulatory or non-regulatory measures that could meet the aim of the proposed restriction (this shall take account of existing legislation). This should include an assessment of the effectiveness and the costs linked to alternative risk management measures.
7. In the case of a proposed restriction or refused authorisation, the benefits for human health and the environment as well as the social and economic benefits of the proposed restriction. For example, worker health, environmental performance and the distribution of these benefits, for example, geographically, population groups.
8. An SEA may also address any other issue that is considered to be relevant by the applicant(s) or interested party.

Source: REACH regulation

a solar thermal collector is a solar collector designed to collect heat by absorbing sunlight. The term is applied to solar hot water panels, but may also be used to denote more complex installations such as solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or simpler installations such as solar air heat. The more complex collectors are generally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to produce steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental space heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a device for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more usable or storable form.

Flat plate thermal system for water heating deployed on a flat roof. They consist of a dark flat-plate absorber of solar energy, a transparent cover that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat losses, a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from the absorber, and a heat insulating backing. The absorber consists of a thin absorber sheet (of thermally stable polymers, aluminum, steel or copper, to which a matte black or selective coating is applied) often backed by a grid or coil of fluid tubing placed in an insulated casing with a glass or polycarbonate cover. In water heat panels, fluid is usually circulated through tubing to transfer heat from the absorber to an insulated water tank. This may be achieved directly or through a heat exchanger. Most air heat fabricates and some water heat manufacturers have a completely flooded absorber consisting of two sheets of metal which the fluid passes between. Because the heat exchange area is greater they may be marginally more efficient than traditional absorbers.

Another type of collector is vacuum tube collector: it uses heat pipes for its core instead of passing liquid directly through it. Evacuated heat pipe tubes (EHPT's) are composed of multiple evacuated glass tubes each containing an absorber plate fused to a heat pipe. The heat from the hot end of the heat pipes is transferred to the transfer fluid (water or an antifreeze mix—typically propylene glycol) of a domestic hot water or hydronic space heating system in a heat exchanger called a "manifold". The manifold is wrapped in insulation and covered by a sheet metal or plastic case to protect it from the elements.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector

species of Community interest means species which, within the territory referred to in Article 2, are:

(i) endangered, except those species whose natural range is marginal in that territory and which are not endangered or vulnerable in the western palearctic region; or

(ii) vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating; or

(iii) rare, i.e. with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk. The species are located within restricted geographical areas or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range; or

(iv) endemic and requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their conservation status.

Such species are listed or may be listed in Annex II and/or Annex IV or V;

Source: Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992L0043:EN:html

a Streckeinsen or QAPF diagram is a double triangle diagram used to classify igneous rock based on mineralogic composition. The diagram is based on the fundamental work of many petrologists which was fully summarised by Strekeisen in 1973 and 1976. The QAPF diagram was completed and recommended by the International Union of Geological Sciences, IUGS. Geologists use it worldwide as a classification of igneous, especially plutonic igneous rocks. The QAPF by acronym, stands for "Quartz, Alkali feldspar, Plagioclase, Feldspathoid (Foid)". The mineral groups used for classification of igneous rocks are the following: Q = Quartz, A = Alkali feldspar, P = Plagioclase, F = Feldspathoid (Foid), M = Mafic (silicate mineral rich in magnesium and iron). Groups Q, A, P, F comprise the felsic minerals. The sum of Q+A+P+F+M must be 100%. However there can never be more than four non-zero values, as the minerals in groups Q and F are mutually exclusive i.e. if Q is present F must be absent and viceversa. The classification is divided into two parts: If mafic minerals (M) are less than 90% (M<90) the rock is classified according to its felsic minerals in the QAPF double triangle diagram. The basic idea of classification is that minerals belonging to the Q and F mineral groups do not occur simultaneously as primary minerals in the same igneous rock, because the SiO2 surplus in the melt reacts with the Feldspathoids resulting feldspars. For this reason maximum three of the Q, A, P, F mineral groups may occur in an igneous rock type. If mafic minerals make up more than 90% of the rock composition (M≥90), it is an ultramafic rock and it is classified according to its mafic minerals. In this case two triangle diagrams are used (olivine–orthopiroxene–clinopyroxene, olivine–pyroxene–amphibole).