Lexikon
a substance which aids or promotes a chemical reaction without forming part of the final product. It enables the reaction to take place faster, remains unchanged at the end of the reaction and can provide control by increasing desirable reactions and decreasing undesirable reactions.
Biological catalysts are enzymes, which work in the living organisms, anabling reactions take place on low temperature and pressure. They accept specific substrates and catalyse specific reactions.
A catalytic converter in our casr is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an internal combustion engine. Catalytic converters are also used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, airplanes and other engine-equipped machines. A catalytic converter provides an environment for a chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion by-products, such as NOx are converted to less-toxic substances, e.g. N2.
it is also called simply caustic or lye, its chemical formula is NaOH. originally ot was produced from soda (Na2CO3), today it is the principal co-product in chlorine manufacture. Sold as a household chemical for unblocking drains and used industrially in the manufacture of rayon, pulp and paper, aluminium, soaps and detergents, textiles and vegetable oils.
Central and Eastern European Countries.
CEFIC (European Chemical Industry Council) is the Brussels-based organization representing the European chemical industry. Since its creation in 1972, Cefic has grown to become one of the largest and most efficient advocacy network amongst the industry trade organizations in Europe and in the world, representing 29 000 companies that produce about 30% of the world chemicals and employ about 1.3 million people, 22 national chemical federations and 6 associated federations across Europe. Took part in over 60 Strategy Implementation Groups and Issue Teams dealing with the industry's strategic concerns such as REACH, energy, environment, international trade, research & innovation and many others. More than 4000 industry experts from companies and federations participate in the Cefic groups. CEFIC has Close cooperation with the US, Japan and other major chemical countries through ICCA and many federations and trade unions.
The European Policy Centre comprises 7 programmes, backed up by the two corporate Communications and Advocacy functions:
* Product Stewardship
* Industrial Policy
* Energy, HSE and Logistics
* Build Trust
* Research and Innovation
* Legislation and Advocacy
* Business Development and Special Projects
The Services Unit addresses both in-house support services and member services:
* Procurement
* Support services
There are four Industry Sectors :
* Fine, Specialty and Consumer Chemicals (FSCC)
* Petrochemistry
* Halogens/Euro Chlor
* PlasticsEurope
Source: http://www.cefic.org
Celeron is a brand name given by Intel Corp. to a number of different x86 computer microprocessor models targeted at budget personal computers.
Read more:
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeron
CPU: http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_D/
Intel: http://ark.intel.com/products/family/5263
cells from living organisms, e.g. from Chinese hamster or human, cultivated in artificial medium under constant environmental conditions.
Permanent cultures are maintained for years, cells often transformed or from cancer biopsis, used for in vitro biotests.
Primary cells are isolated from an organism, e.g. primary hepatocytes (liver cells).
Cultured cells can be used in biotests in vitro and in vivo and substitute laboratory animals in the testing of chemicals.
the International System of Units is called "SI" and is the Metric Measurement used in America. 1 centimeter is one hundredth from a meter (0.01 m). There are exactly 100 cm (centimeters) in the Base Unit meter. The conversion is shown in the following table:
| centimeters | feet | 0.032 808 40 |
| centimeters | inches | 0.393 700 8 |
| centimeters | meters | 0.01 |
| centimeters | yards | 0.010 936 13 |
| centimeters, cubic | cubic inches | 0.061 023 744 |
| centimeters, square | square feet | 0.001 076 39 |
| centimeters, square | square inches | 0.155 000 31 |
| centimeters, square | square meters | 0.000 1 |
| centimeters, square | square yards | 0.000 119 599 |
region of a chromosome with which spindle fibers are associated during cell division, allowing orderly movement of daughter chromosomes to the poles of the daughter cells.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. Its common name is Superfund. It is a USA act of 1980 (CERCLA). This federal law was designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Superfund created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and it provides broad federal authority to clean up releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger human health or the environment. The law authorized the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to identify parties responsible for contamination of sites and compel the parties to clean up the sites. Where responsible parties cannot be found, the Agency is authorized to clean up sites itself, using a special trust fund.
Two main actions of Superfund:
1. Removal action: these are typically short-term response actions, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response. Removal actions are classified as: (1) emergency; (2) time-critical; and (3) non-time critical. Removal responses are generally used to address localized risks such as abandoned drums containing hazardous substances, contaminated surface soils posing acute risks to human health or the environment, etc.
2. Remedial actions: these are usually more long-term response actions than a removal action. Remedial actions permanently and significantly reduce the risks associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances that are serious but lack the time-criticality of a removal action, and include such measures as preventing the migration of pollutants and neutralization of toxic substances. These actions can be conducted only at sites listed on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL), in the United States and territories.
Certified Reference Material (CRM)is a reference material having one or more property values that are certified by a technically valid procedure, accompanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation that is issued by a certifying authority.
an experimental exposure of a previously treated subject to a test substance following an induction period, to determine if the subject reacts in a hypersensitive manner.
a diagram that illustrates information in the form of a table, graph, or picture.
Chemical Abstracts Service maintains the most comprehensive list of chemical substances. Each substance registered in the CAS Registry is assigned a CAS Registry Number. The CAS Registry Number (commonly referred to as CAS number) is widely used as a unique identifier of chemical substances. (Source: REACH Glossary)
chemical analyses is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.
Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. The separation of components is generally performed prior to analysis.
Chemical analytical methods are classified according the tool they apply. According to the tools we differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as preparatory methods.
Aim of the qualitative analysis is to find a direct or indirect proof for the presence of the substance in question or its product. Qualitative tools are: identification of the chemical compound based on physico-chemical behaviour (colour, melting point, flame-ionisation, mass-spectrum), chemical reactions, including biochemical and molecular biological (e.g. DNA) techniques, such as product of the chemical substance with a specific chemical reagent. In case of biologically active substances, the product of a biochemical reaction or the response of a biological system can also be measured. A new and very efficient analytical tool is the identification of certain DNA sequences.
Quantitative tools are based on measuring mass, volume, flux or intensity. For measuring the quantity-related endpoint the following traditional and instrumental methods can be used: gravimetry, volumetry, microscopy, spectrometry, mass spectrometry, electrochemical and thermal techniques, etc. Most of the quantitative tools apply standards to be able to express the result of the measured endpoint in concentration.
For the separation of the components of a mixture the traditional analysis applies precipitation, extraction, and distillation, the instrumental tools are the different chromatographic and electrophoretic methods.
Chemical analyses has widespread use in diagnosis and remediation, environmental science and practice, chemical industries, agriculture, food industry and all kind of other industries. The utilisation of analytical methods includes monitoring, early warning or quality assurance on the fields of human health, environment and industries.
The similarities may be based on the following:
a) common functional group(s) (e.g. aldehyde, epoxide, ester, specific metal ion)
b) common constituents or chemical classes, similar carbon range numbers. This is frequently the case with complex substances often known as “substances of Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction products or Biological material” (UVCB substances)
c) an incremental and constant change across the category (e.g. a chain-length category), often observed in physicochemical properties, e.g. boiling point range
d) the likelihood of common precursors and/or breakdown products, via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals (e.g. the “metabolic pathway approach” of examining related chemicals such as acid/ester/salt). (Source: REACH Glossary)
chemical elements are a pure chemical substances consisting of one type of atom. Chemical elements are characterised by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in their nucleus. All chemical molecules consists of elements. On the http://www.chemicalelements.co website you can see the periodic table and get deatiled information by clicking on the symbol of the element.
the hazard associated with a chemical is its intrinsic ability to cause an adverse effect. It should be compared to risk, which is the chance that such effects will occur in the realty. Whilst a chemical may have hazardous properties, provided it is handled safely under contained conditions, any risk to human health or the environment is extremely low.
chemical oxidation typically involves reduction/oxidation redox reactions that chemically convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another.
Specifically, one reactant is oxidized loses electrons and one is reduced gains electrons.
The oxidizing agents most commonly used for treatment of hazardous contaminants in soil are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and Fentons reagent hydrogen peroxide and iron.
Cyanide oxidation and dechlorination are examples of chemical treatment. This method may be applied in situ or ex situ, to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids, and may also be applied for the in situ treatment of groundwater.
Source: US-EPA, ClU-In: http://www.clu-in.org/techfocus/default.focus/sec/In_Situ_Oxidation/cat/Overview/
a chemical process in which substances are changed into different substances. Chemical reactions are manifested by the disappearance of properties characteristic of the starting materials and the appearance of new properties that distinguish the products.
chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment.
It covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal.
Chemical safety has many scientific and technical components. Among these are toxicology, ecotoxicology and the process of chemical risk assessment which requires a detailed knowledge of exposure and of biological effects.
Hazardous chemicals, naturally occurring or man-made, can reach our body through different routes (e.g., food, air, water) and cause a variety of health effects.
The number of existing chemicals and their compounds is very large, and for many of them the health risks are not known. Chemicals can be the result of anthropogenic sources or occur in nature. Hazardous chemicals can reach our body through different routes (e.g. food, air, water) and cause a variety of health effects.
Due to the many ways in which chemicals are used and released, the many exposure routes involved, and the different mixtures of chemicals present, the public health relevance of chemicals can be extremely difficult to assess. European Environment and Health Information System (ENHIS) indicators contribute to relate the exposure to hazardous chemicals to various policy measures that can be taken to reduce exposure or to prevent health effects.
Source: WHO — http://www.who.int/topics/chemical_safety/en/
Chemical Safety Assessment is the process aimed at determining the risk posed by a substance and, as part of the exposure assessment, develop exposure scenarios including risk management measures to control the risks. Annex I contains general provisions for performing a CSA. The CSA consists of the following steps:
- Human health hazard assessment
- Human health hazard assessment of physicochemical properties
- Environmental hazard assessment
- PBT and vPvB assessment
If, as a result of this hazard assessment, the registrant concludes that the substance meets the criteria for classification as dangerous according to Directive 67/548/EEC (for substances) or has PBT/vPvB properties, this triggers further steps in the chemical safety assessment:
- exposure assessment
- risk characterization.
(Source: REACH, Glossary)
Chemical Safety Assessment is the process aimed at determining the risk posed by a substance and, as part of the exposure assessment, develop exposure scenarios including risk management measures to control the risks. Annex I contains general provisions for performing a CSA. The CSA consists of the following steps:
- Human health hazard assessment
- Human health hazard assessment of physicochemical properties
- Environmental hazard assessment
- PBT and vPvB assessment
If, as a result of this hazard assessment, the registrant concludes that the substance meets the criteria for classification as dangerous according to Directive 67/548/EEC (for substances) or has PBT/vPvB properties, this triggers further steps in the chemical safety assessment:
- exposure assessment
- risk characterization.
(Source: REACH Glossary)
The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) provide information on the intrinsic hazards of specific chemicals together with first aid and fire-fighting measures, and information about precautions for spillage, disposal, storage, packaging, labelling and transport. They are produced by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) in collaboration with the European Commission and various national bodies.
An ICSC is designed to complement a Material Safety Data Sheet, and to be used by individual workers rather than safety specialists. The cards are produced in a standard format, which eases translation between languages. The cards are currently available in HTML or PDF format in sixteen languages, and in paper format in other languages.
(http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html)
the chemical safety report documents the chemical safety assessment for a substance on its own, in a preparation or in an article or a group of substances.
In other words the Chemical Safety Report (CSR) is a document, which details the process and the results of a Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA). Annex I of the REACH Regulation contains general provisions for performing CSAs and preparing CSRs.
(Source: REACH Glossary)
the chemical safety report documents the chemical safety assessment for a substance on its own, in a preparation or in an article or a group of substances.
In other words the Chemical Safety Report (CSR) is a document, which details the process and the results of a Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA). Annex I of the REACH Regulation contains general provisions for performing CSAs and preparing CSRs. (Source: REACH Glossary)
in Annexes VII and VIII to Directive 79/831/EEC, methods for the determination of the ecotoxicity of chemical substances are enlisted. The methods are based on those recognized and recommended by competent international bodies (in particular OECD).
General introduction
1 acute toxicity for fish
2 acute toxicity for Daphnia
3 algal inhibition test
4 biodegradation: determination of the "ready" biodegradability
4-a dissolved organic carbon (doc) die-away test
4-b modified oecd screening test
4-c carbon dioxide evolution test
4-d manometric respirometry test
4-e closed bottle test
4-f miti test
5 degradation : biochemical oxygen demand
6 degradation: chemical oxygen demand
7 degradation: abiotic degradation: hydrolysis as a function of ph
8 toxicity for earthworms : artificial soil test
9 biodegradation: Zahn−Wellens test
10 biodegradation: activated sludge simulation test
11 biodegradation: activated sludge respiration inhibition test
12 biodegradation: modified scas test
13 bioconcentration: flow-through fish test
14 fish juvenile growth test
15 fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages
16 honeybees, acute oral toxicity test
17 honeybees, acute contact toxicity test
18 adsorption/desorption using a batch equilibrium method
19 estimation of the adsorption coefficient (koc) on soil and on sewage sludge using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc)
20 Daphnia magna reproduction test
21 soil microorganisms: nitrogen transformation test
22 soil microorganisms: carbon transformation test
23 aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil
24 aerobic and anaerobic transformation in aquatic sediment systems
in Annexes VII and VIII to Directive 79/831/EEC, methods for the determination of the physico-chemical properties of chemical substances are enlisted. The methods are based on those recognized and recommended by competent international bodies (in particular OECD).
1 melting/freezing temperature
2 boiling temperature
3 relative density
4 vapour pressure
5 surface tension
6 water solubility
8 octanol−water partition coefficient
9 flash-point
10 flammability (solids)
11 flammability (gases)
12 flammability (contact with water)
13 pyrophoric properties of solids and liquids
14 explosive properties
15 auto-ignition temperature (liquids and gases)
16 relative self-ignition temperature for solids
17 oxidizing properties (solids)
18 number - average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of polymers
19 low molecular weight content of polymers
20 solution / extraction behaviour of polymers in water
21 oxidising properties (liquids)
in Annexes VII and VIII to Directive 79/831/EEC, methods for the determination of the toxicity of chemical substances are enlisted. The methods are based on those recognized and recommended by competent international bodies (in particular OECD).
1 general introduction
1bis acute oral toxicity - fixed dose procedure
1tris acute oral toxicity - acute toxic class method
2 acute toxicity (inhalation)
3 acute toxicity (dermal)
4 acute toxicity: dermal irritation/corrosion
5 acute toxicity: eye irritation/corrosion
6 skin sensitisation
7 repeated dose (28 days) toxicity (oral)
8 repeated dose (28 days) toxicity (inhalation)
9 repeated dose (28 days) toxicity (dermal)
10 mutagenicity − in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test)
11 mutagenicity − in vivo mammalian bone-marrow chromosome aberration test
12 mutagenicity mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test
13/14 mutagenicity − reverse mutation test using bacteria
15 gene mutation − Saccharomyces cerevisae
16 mitotic recombination − Saccharomyces cerevisae
17 mutagenicity − in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test
18 dna damage and repair − unscheduled dna synthesis − mammalian cells in vitro
19 sister chromatid exchange assay in vitro
20 sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster
21 in vitro mammalian cell transformation test
22 rodent dominant lethal test
23 mammalian spermatogonial chromosome aberration test
24 mouse spot test
25 mouse heritable translocation
26 sub-chronic oral toxicity test. Repeated dose 90-day toxicity study in rodents
27 sub-chronic oral toxicity test: repeated dose 90-day toxicity study in non-rodents
28 sub-chronic dermal toxicity test: 90-day repeated dermal dose study using rodent species
29 sub-chronic inhalation toxicity test: 90-day repeated inhalation dose study using rodent species
30 chronic toxicity test
31 teratogenicity test rodent and non-rodent
32 carcinogenicity test
33 combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity test
34 one-generation reproduction toxicity test
35 two generation reproduction toxicity test
36 toxicokinetics
37 delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus substances following acute exposure
38 delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus substances 28 day repeated dose study
39 unscheduled dna synthesis (uds) test with mammalian liver cells in vivo
40 skin corrosion (in vitro)
41 phototoxicity − in vitro 3t3 nru phototoxicity test
42 skin sensitisation: local lymph node assay
43 neurotoxicity study in rodents
chemical weathering is caused by rain water reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts. These reactions occur particularly when the water is slightly acidic.
These chemical processes need water, and occur more rapidly at higher temperature, so warm, damp climates are best.It means that soil formation is faster under tropic klimate compared to moderate or cold climate.
Chemical weathering (especially hydrolysis and oxidation) is the first stage in the production of soils.
There are different types of chemical weathering, the most important are:
Solution - removal of rock in solution by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2, (this process is sometimes called carbonation).
Hydrolysis - the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts.
Oxidation - the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-coloured weathered surface.
the management of chemical substances and products during their whole life time, from design up to and including disposal at the end of their life, in such a way that all optimal balance is obtained between acceptable risk and maximum benefit for society in the short, medium and long-term.