Lexikon
solidification/stabilisation (S/S) is a process which physically binds or encloses contaminants within a stabilised mass and is performed both ex situ and in situ. This technology reduces the mobility of hazardous substances and contaminants in the environment through both physical and chemical means.
Ex situ S/S requires excavation of the material to be treated, and the resultant material must be disposed.
In situ S/S uses auger/caisson systems and injector head systems to add binders to the contaminated soil or waste without excavation, and the resultant material is left in place.
soil vapor extraction SVE is used to remediate unsaturated vadose zone soil. A vacuum is applied to the soil to induce the controlled flow of air and remove volatile and some semivolatile organic contaminants from the soil. SVE usually is performed in situ; however, in some cases, it can be used as an ex situ technology.
solar photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a material, such as silicon, that converts solar radiation into electricity. Today solar PVs are used in a wide range of applications, from residential rooftop power generation to medium-scale utility-level power generation.
The Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems use mirrors or reflective lenses to focus sunlight on a fluid to heat it to a high temperature. The heated fluid flows from the collector to a heat engine where a portion of the heat is converted to electricity. Some types of CSP allow the heat to be stored for many hours so that electricity can be produced at night.
a solar thermal collector is a solar collector designed to collect heat by absorbing sunlight. The term is applied to solar hot water panels, but may also be used to denote more complex installations such as solar parabolic, solar trough and solar towers or simpler installations such as solar air heat. The more complex collectors are generally used in solar power plants where solar heat is used to generate electricity by heating water to produce steam which drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. The simpler collectors are typically used for supplemental space heating in residential and commercial buildings. A collector is a device for converting the energy in solar radiation into a more usable or storable form.
Flat plate thermal system for water heating deployed on a flat roof. They consist of a dark flat-plate absorber of solar energy, a transparent cover that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat losses, a heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from the absorber, and a heat insulating backing. The absorber consists of a thin absorber sheet (of thermally stable polymers, aluminum, steel or copper, to which a matte black or selective coating is applied) often backed by a grid or coil of fluid tubing placed in an insulated casing with a glass or polycarbonate cover. In water heat panels, fluid is usually circulated through tubing to transfer heat from the absorber to an insulated water tank. This may be achieved directly or through a heat exchanger. Most air heat fabricates and some water heat manufacturers have a completely flooded absorber consisting of two sheets of metal which the fluid passes between. Because the heat exchange area is greater they may be marginally more efficient than traditional absorbers.
Another type of collector is vacuum tube collector: it uses heat pipes for its core instead of passing liquid directly through it. Evacuated heat pipe tubes (EHPT's) are composed of multiple evacuated glass tubes each containing an absorber plate fused to a heat pipe. The heat from the hot end of the heat pipes is transferred to the transfer fluid (water or an antifreeze mix—typically propylene glycol) of a domestic hot water or hydronic space heating system in a heat exchanger called a "manifold". The manifold is wrapped in insulation and covered by a sheet metal or plastic case to protect it from the elements.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector
a chromatographic technique used to prepare samples for subsequent analysis, an effective method to concentrate or isolate the non-volatile analytes. It is a kind of column chromatography. The extract is eluted through the column (cartridge) containing the preconditioned sorbent by applying vacuum. The substance of interest is retained on the column and all the interfering components are eluted or the interfering components are retained and the substance of interest is eluted. This sample preparation technique is suitable for any compounds. The low solvent need, no need of concentration by evaporation and in this way avoiding the concentration of the polluting components, cheap sorbents, saving time, no emulsion formation, enhanced selectivity and potential for automatization are the advantages of SPE over the traditional liquid/liquid extraction (LLE).
a noise caused by a shock wave (a propagating disturbance) that emanates from an aircraft or other object traveling at or above sonic velocity.
an extraction technique of solids in which the sample is repeatedly contacted with solvent over several hours, increasing the extraction efficiency. Soxhlet extraction is a purification technique developed by Franz von Soxhlet in 1879. The solid is put into a paper "thimble" which is then placed into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent is heated to reflux and then travels up the distillation arm and floods into the main chamber with the thimble. The chamber then slowly fills and some of the pure compound will dissolve into the solvent. The chamber is emptied with the help of the side arm and the cycle repeats. See also http://chemistry.hull.ac.uk/labweb/glossary_soxhlet.php#
space debris, also known as orbital debris, space junk and space waste, is the collection of objects in orbit around Earth that were created by humans but no longer serve any useful purpose. These objects consist of everything from spent rocket stages and defunct satellites to explosion and collision fragments. The debris can include slag and dust from solid rocket motors, surface degradation products such as paint flakes, coolant released by RORSAT nuclear powered satellites, clusters of small needles, and objects released due to the impact of micrometeoroids or fairly small debris onto spacecraft.[1] As the orbits of these objects often overlap the trajectories of spacecraft, debris is a potential collision risk.
The vast majority of the estimated tens of millions of pieces of space debris are small particles, like paint flakes and solid rocket fuel slag. Impacts of these particles cause erosive damage, similar to sandblasting. The majority of this damage can be mitigated through the use of a technique originally developed to protect spacecraft from micrometeorites, by adding a thin layer of metal foil outside of the main spacecraft body. Impacts take place at such high velocities that the debris is vaporized when it collides with the foil, and the resulting plasma spreads out quickly enough that it does not cause serious damage to the inner wall. However, not all parts of a spacecraft may be protected in this manner, i.e. solar panels and optical devices (such as telescopes, or star trackers), and these components are subject to constant wear by debris and micrometeorites.
The present means for spacecraft shielding, such as those used for the manned modules of the International Space Station, are only capable of protecting against debris with diameters below about 1 centimetre (0.39 in). The only remaining means of protection would be to maneuver the spacecraft in order to avoid a collision. This, however, requires that the orbit of the respective object be precisely known. The current equipment used to gather such information is only capable of tracking objects down to about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) diameter in low Earth orbit, and about 50 centimetres (20 in) in geosynchronous orbit. Out of the estimated 600,000 objects[1] above 1 centimetre (0.39 in) diameter, only 19,000 can be tracked as of today. This leads to wide uncertainties in the estimated quantities of debris, and the predicted path of their orbits.
If a collision with larger debris does occur, many of the resulting fragments from the damaged spacecraft will also be in the 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) mass range, and these objects become an additional collision risk. As the chance of collision is a function of the number of objects in space, there is a critical density where the creation of new debris occurs faster than the various natural forces that remove these objects from orbit. Beyond this point a runaway chain reaction can occur that quickly reduces all objects in orbit to debris in a period of years or months. This possibility is known as the "Kessler Syndrome", and there is debate as to whether or not this critical density has already been reached in certain orbital bands.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris
species of Community interest means species which, within the territory referred to in Article 2, are:
(i) endangered, except those species whose natural range is marginal in that territory and which are not endangered or vulnerable in the western palearctic region; or
(ii) vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating; or
(iii) rare, i.e. with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk. The species are located within restricted geographical areas or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range; or
(iv) endemic and requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their conservation status.
Such species are listed or may be listed in Annex II and/or Annex IV or V;
Source: Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992L0043:EN:html
a starter culture is a microbiological culture which actually performs a biotechnological process (fermentation). These starters usually consist of a cultivation medium, colonized by the microorganisms used in the biotechnology.
a branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, reviewing, summarizing, and interpreting data or information. Statistics are used to determine whether differences between study groups are meaningful.
unceasing prolonged noise, without interruption. It is a constant noise, when the deviation in the decibel is not more than 5 dB.
Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (SAICM) adopted on 6 February 2006 in Dubai.
SAICM supports the achievement of the goal agreed at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
Source: http://www.saicm.org/index.php?ql=h&content=home
a Streckeinsen or QAPF diagram is a double triangle diagram used to classify igneous rock based on mineralogic composition. The diagram is based on the fundamental work of many petrologists which was fully summarised by Strekeisen in 1973 and 1976. The QAPF diagram was completed and recommended by the International Union of Geological Sciences, IUGS. Geologists use it worldwide as a classification of igneous, especially plutonic igneous rocks. The QAPF by acronym, stands for "Quartz, Alkali feldspar, Plagioclase, Feldspathoid (Foid)". The mineral groups used for classification of igneous rocks are the following: Q = Quartz, A = Alkali feldspar, P = Plagioclase, F = Feldspathoid (Foid), M = Mafic (silicate mineral rich in magnesium and iron). Groups Q, A, P, F comprise the felsic minerals. The sum of Q+A+P+F+M must be 100%. However there can never be more than four non-zero values, as the minerals in groups Q and F are mutually exclusive i.e. if Q is present F must be absent and viceversa. The classification is divided into two parts: If mafic minerals (M) are less than 90% (M<90) the rock is classified according to its felsic minerals in the QAPF double triangle diagram. The basic idea of classification is that minerals belonging to the Q and F mineral groups do not occur simultaneously as primary minerals in the same igneous rock, because the SiO2 surplus in the melt reacts with the Feldspathoids resulting feldspars. For this reason maximum three of the Q, A, P, F mineral groups may occur in an igneous rock type. If mafic minerals make up more than 90% of the rock composition (M≥90), it is an ultramafic rock and it is classified according to its mafic minerals. In this case two triangle diagrams are used (olivine–orthopiroxene–clinopyroxene, olivine–pyroxene–amphibole).
a change in chromosome structure detectable by microscopic examination of the metaphase stage of cell division, observed as deletions and fragments, intrachanges or interchanges. This fenomenon used in genotoxicity tests, where the experimental unit is the cell, and therefore the percentage of cells with structural chromosome aberration(s) should be evaluated. Different types of structural chromosome aberrationsshould be listed with their numbers and frequencies for experimental and control cultures.
sound that travels over at least part of its path by means of the vibration of a solid structure.
The information required to identify a substance is defined in Annex VI, 2, of REACH, and is reproduced in the table below.
If it is not technically possible, or does not appear scientifically necessary to provide certain information, the reasons should be stated.
If you are involved in a joint registration, it is very important that you have agreed ‘sameness’ of your substances, and the information you each provide here should support this. There is no legal definition of "sameness" but any inconsistencies identified by ECHA or MSCAs that suggest your substances are significantly different could lead to requests for further information, or rejection of registration dossiers.
ECHA Technical Guidance: Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH
| Annex VI clause | Information requirement |
| 2.1 | Name or other identifier of the substance |
2.1.1 | IUPAC name or other international chemical name |
2.1.2 | Other names, e.g. trade name, abbreviation |
2.1.3 | EC Number |
2.1.4 | CAS name and CAS number |
2.1.5 | Other identity code |
| 2.2 | Information related to molecular and structural Formula |
2.2.1 | Molecular and structural formula (including SMILES notation, if available) |
2.2.2 | Optical activity and typical ratio of (stereo) isomers ( if applicable and appropriate) |
2.2.3 | Molecular weight or molecular weight range |
| 2.3 | Composition |
2.3.1 | Degree of purity |
2.3.2 | Nature of impurities, including isomers and by-products |
2.3.3 | Percentage of (significant) main impurities |
2.3.4 | Nature and order of magnitude (…ppm, …%) of any additives |
2.3.5 | Spectral data (UV,IR,NMR or mass spectrum) |
2.3.6 | High pressure liquid chromatogram, gas chromatogram. |
2.3.7 | Description of the analytical methods or the appropriate bibliographical references fro the identification of the substance and, where appropriate, for the identification of impurities and additives. This information shall be sufficient to allow the methods to be reproduced. |
Source: http://www.reach-serv.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=64
A SIEF is a forum, formed after the pre-registration phase, to share data on a given phase-in substance.
The principal aims of a SIEF are to:
i) facilitate data sharing for the purposes of registration
ii) agree on the classification and labelling of the substance where there is a difference of interpretation between the potential registrants. Source: REACH Glossary.
data sharing is one of the core principles in the REACH Regulation. By submitting dossiers jointly and sharing information on substances, companies increase the efficiency of the registration system, reduce costs and avoid unnecessary testing on vertebrate animals.
A potential registrant can choose to request data which does not involve testing on vertebrate animals. However, the potential registrant must request data which involves testing on vertebrate animals.
Indeed, studies involving testing on vertebrate animals have to be shared in any case.
This means that new studies involving vertebrate animals can only be conducted if the data cannot be generated by any other means. This principle is valid for both phase-in and non- phase-in substances.
Source: http://echa.europa.eu/datasharing_en.asp
sub-surface water, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely associated with surface water groundwater and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer sometimes called "fossil water".
Subsurface waters are generally polluted from the unsaturated soil layer beyond. Pipelines, underground containers, surface land-uses are the most frequent pollution sources. The contaminants in the subsurface waters may naturally attenuate due to dilution, chemical reactions or biodegradation. As the redoxpotential in the subsurface waters is relative low anoxic or anaerobic conditions, the biodegradation of pollutants is generally low, needs some enhancement by engineering/biotechnological tools to increase efficiency.
remediation technology for contaminated soil and groundwater, an innovative version of pump and treat technology applying a sugar, a cyclodextrin (hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin) for the enhancement of the solubility of organic contaminants. It was developed in the USA and applied with success for remediation of military sites contaminated by e.g. trichloroethylene. Injecting the cyclodextrin solution into the injection wells, the ground water containing the contaminant in enhanced concentration is extracted from the extraction wells and treated by activated carbon or by distillation. The regenerated cyclodextrin solution is re-injected into the ground water. (see MOKKA database sheet No. 183) Further literature: Boving, T.B. and Brusseau, M.L. (2000) Solubilization and removal of residual trichloroethene from porous media: comparison of several solubilization agents. J. Contam. Hydrol., 42(1), 51-67; Boving, T.B., Barnett, S.M., Perez, G., Blanford, W.J. and McCray, J.E. (2007) remediation with cyclodextrin: recovery of the remedial agent by membrane filtration. Remed. J., 17, 21-36.
Sulcotrione is a foliar herbicide. Its mode of action is the Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (4-HPPD).
Common name (ISO): Sulcotrione
Chemical name (IUPAC): 2-(2-chloro-4-mesylbenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione
Chemical name (CA): 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)-benzoyl]-
CIPAC No: 723; CAS No: 99105-77-8;
Minimum purity: 950 g/kg (on a dry weight basis)
Molecular formula:: C14 H13 Cl O5 S
Identity of relevant impurities (of toxicological, ecotoxicological and/or environmental concern)
Hydrogen cyanide: maximum content 80 mg/kg on a dry weight basis
Toluene: maximum content 4 g/kg on a dry weight basis.
Molecular mass: 328.77 g/mol
The Standing Committee of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting on 28 October 2008 decidedon the inclusion of sulcotrione in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC (the placing of plant protection products on the market).
The following reference values have been finalised as part of the re-evaluation:
ADI: 0.0004 mg/kg bw/day
ARfD: not allocated, not necessary
AOEL: 0.0006 mg/kg bw/day.
Complete characterisation:
General status:
| Pesticide Type | Herbicide |
| Chemical Group | Triketone |
| Substance origin | Synthetic |
| Mode of Action | Absorbed mainly by the leaves but also some root uptake. 4-HPPD inhibitor. |
| CAS RN | 99105-77-8 |
| EC Number | - |
| CIPAC Number | 723 |
| US EPA Chemical code | - |
| Chemical Formula | C14H13ClO5S |
| SMILES | O=C(c1ccc(cc1Cl)S(=O)(=O)C)C2C(=O)CCCC2=O |
| International Chemical Identifier (InChI) | InChI=1/C14H13ClO5S/c1-21(19,20)8-5-6-9(10(15)7-8)14(18)13-11(16)3-2-4-12(13)17/h5-7,13H,2-4H2,1H3 |
| Structure diagram available? | Yes |
| Molecular Mass (g mol-1) | 328.77 |
| IUPAC Name | 2-(2-chloro-4-mesylbenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione |
| CAS Name | 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione |
| Other status information | - |
| Herbicide Resistance (HRAC) Classification | F2 |
| Insecticide Resistance (IRAC) Classification | Not applicable |
| Fungicide Resistance (FRAC) Classification | Not applicable |
| Physical State | White solid |
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
| Property | Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information | Interpretation | |
| Solubility - In water at 20oC (mg l-1) | 1670 | A4 | High | |
| Solubility - In organic solvents at 20oC (mg l-1) | 2000 | A5 - Xylene | - | |
| 190000 | A5 - Dichloromethane | - | ||
| 48000 | A5 - Acetone | - | ||
| 300 | A5 - 1-Octanol | - | ||
| Melting Point (oC) | 139 | A5 | - | |
| Boiling Point (oC) | Decomposes before boiling | A5 | - | |
| Degradation point (oC) | 170 | A5 | - | |
| Flashpoint (oC) | Not highly flammable | A5 | - | |
| Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20oC | P | 2.00 X 10-02 | Calculated | - |
| Log P | -1.7 | A5 | Low | |
| Bulk density (g ml-1)/Specific gravity | - | - | - | |
| Dissociation constant (pKa) at 25oC | 3.13 | A5 | - | |
| Note: Weak acid | ||||
| Vapour pressure at 25oC (mPa) | 5.00 X 10-03 | A5 | Volatile | |
| Henry's law constant at 25oC (Pa m3 mol-1) | 6.0 X 10-07 | A5 | Non-volatile | |
| Henry's law constant at 20oC (dimensionless) | 4.33 X 10-09 | Q2 | Non-volatile | |
| GUS leaching potential index | 3.42 | Calculated | High leachability | |
| SCI-GROW groundwater index (µg l-1) for a 1 kg ha-1 or 1 l ha-1 application rate | Value | 4.02 X 10-01 | Calculated | - |
| Note | - | |||
| Potential for particle bound transport index | - | Calculated | Low | |
| Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol-1 cm-1 |
285nm = 15239, 283.5nm = 16868, 259 nm = 20364 | A5 | - | |
| Surface tension (mN m-1) | 69.0 | A5 at 20oC, 90% solution | - | |
Degradation:
| Property | Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information | Interpretation | |
| Soil degradation (days) (aerobic) | DT50 (typical) | 25 | A5 | Non-persistent |
| DT50 (lab at 20oC) | 25.3 | A5 | Non-persistent | |
| DT50 (field) | 3.6 | A5 | Non-persistent | |
| DT90 (lab at 20oC) | 100.2 | A5 | - | |
| DT90 (field) | 18.4 | A5 | - | |
| Note | EU dossier lab studies DT50 range 10.8-89.7 days, DT90 range 47-246 days; field studies DT50 range 1.2-11.4 days, DT90 range 6.9-38 days | |||
| Aqueous photolysis DT50 (days) at pH 7 | Value | 25.6 | A5 | Slow |
| Note | pH sensitive: DT50 13 days at pH 4, 40.9 days at pH 9, all data for 5 cm depth and seasonal mean values. Degradation slower at 30 cm depth. | |||
| Aqueous hydrolysis DT50 (days) at 20oC and pH 7 | Value | Stable | A5 | Very persistent |
| Note | Stable at pH 5 to pH 9, temp 25-40 Deg C | |||
| Water-Sediment DT50 (days) | 63.9 | A5 | Moderately fast | |
| Water phase only DT50 (days) | 9.5 | A5 | Moderately fast | |
Soil adsorption and mobility:
| Property | Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information | Interpretation | |
| Linear | Kd | - | - | - |
| Koc | - | |||
| Notes and range | - | |||
| Freundlich | Kf | 1.05 | A5 | Mobile |
| Kfoc | 36 | |||
| 1/n | 0.839 | |||
| Notes and range | EU dossier Kf range 0.29-2.26, Kfoc range 17-58 mL/g, 1/n range 0.812-0.888, Soils=6 | |||
| pH sensitivity | Predominantly OC-dependent but pH-dependent to a minor extent | |||
Key metabolites:
| Metabolite | Formation Medium | Estimated Maximum Occurrence Fraction | 91/414 Relevancy | |
| 2-chloro-4-methylsulfonyl-benzoic acid | Soil | 0.603 | Major fraction, Relevant | |
Other known metabolites:
| Metabolite name and reference | Aliases | Formation Medium / Rate | Estimated Maximum Occurrence Fraction | Metabolising Enzymes |
| 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate | - | Rat (Blood) | - | - |
| 4-hydroxy-sulcotrione, 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-4-hydroxycyclohexane-1,3-dione | sulcotrione metabolite M02 | Rat (Urinary) | - | - |
| 5-hydroxy-sulcotrione, 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-5-hydroxycyclohexane-1,3-dione | sulcotrione metabolite M04 | Rat (Urinary) | - | - |
ECOTOXICOLOGY
| Property | Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information | Interpretation | |
| Bio-concentration factor | BCF | - | - | - |
| CT50 (days) | - | - | ||
| Bioaccumulation potential | - | Calculated | Low | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 5000 | A5 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL | (mg kg-1) | > 0.5 | L2 Rat, 2 year | High |
| (ppm diet) | > 100 | - | ||
| Birds - Acute LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 1350 | A5 Anas platyrhynchos | Moderate | |
| Birds - Short term dietary (LC50/LD50) | > 1259 mg kg bw-1 day-1 | A5 Anas platyrhynchos | - | |
| Fish - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | 227 | A5 Oncorhynchus mykiss | Low | |
| Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | 3.2 | A4 Oncorhynchus mykiss, Juvenile growth | - | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC50 (mg l-1) | > 848 | A5 Daphnia magna | Low | |
| Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l-1) | > 75 | A5 Daphnia magna | - | |
| Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC50 (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC50, biomass (mg l-1) | 0.051 | A5 Lemna gibba | Moderate | |
| Algae - Acute 72 hour EC50, growth (mg l-1) | 1.2 | A5 Raphidocelis subcapitata | Moderate | |
| Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l-1) | - | - | - | |
| Honeybees - Acute 48 hour LD50 (µg bee-1) | 50 | A5 Oral | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC50 (mg kg-1) | > 1000 | A5 | Moderate | |
| Earthworms - Chronic 14 day NOEC, reproduction (mg kg-1) | - | - | - | |
| Other soil macro-organisms - e.g. Collembola | LR50product ha EC50product ha NOECproduct ha % Effect |
- | - | - |
| Other arthropod (1) | LR50 g ha-1 | 450 | 48 hour A5 Aphidius rhopalosiphi, adult |
Moderately harmful at 1 kg ha-1 |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Other arthropod (2) | LR50 g ha-1 | 450 | 7 day A5 Typhlodromus pyri |
Moderately harmful at 1 kg ha-1 |
| % Effect | - | - | - | |
| Soil micro-organisms | Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant effect |
A5 Dose: 4.5 kg/ha, 28 days |
- | |
| Mesocosm study data | NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - |
| NOEAEC mg l-1 | - | - | - | |
HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION
General:
| Property | Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information | Interpretation | |
| Mammals - Acute oral LD50 (mg kg-1) | > 5000 | A5 Rat | Low | |
| Mammals - Dermal LD50 (mg kg-1 body weight) | > 4000 | A5 Rat | - | |
| Mammals - Inhalation LC50 (mg l-1) | > 1.63 | A5 Rat, 4hr (nose only) | - | |
| Other Mammal toxicity endpoints | - | - | ||
| ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.0004 | A5 Rat, SF=100 | - | |
| ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg-1bw day-1) | None allocated | A5 | - | |
| AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg-1bw day-1) | 0.0006 | A5 Rat, SF=100 | - | |
| Dermal penetration studies (%) | 0.1-0.5 | A5 concentration dependant | - | |
| Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464 | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Limits | - | - | - | |
| Exposure Routes | Public | [No unacceptable risks to bystanders identified for intended use] | ||
| Occupational | [No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers identified for intended use] | |||
| Examples of European MRLs (mg kg-1) | Value | Maize: 0.05 | ||
| Note | [A5 EU dossier proposals] For the EU pesticides database click here |
|||
| Drinking Water MAC (µg l-1) | - | - | - | |
Health issues: skin sensitiser, potential kidney and liver toxicant, may cause eye damage
Handling issues:
| Property | Value | Source/Quality Score/Other Information | Interpretation | ||||
| General <="" font="" border="0"> | [Not explosive or oxidising] | ||||||
| EC Risk Classification <="" font="" border="0"> | [Reproduction risk category 3: R63], [Xi - Irritant: R43] | ||||||
| EC Safety Classification <="" font="" border="0"> | - | ||||||
| WHO Classification | NL | - | Not listed | ||||
| US EPA Classification (formulation) | No consensus across products or no products available | - | - | ||||
| UN Number | - | ||||||
| Waste disposal & packaging <="" font="" border="0"> | - | ||||||
Sources:
http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Reports/600.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list_sulcotrione.pdf
http://compendium.bayercropscience.com/BAYER/CropScience/CropCompendium/BCSCropComp.nsf/id/sulcotrione.htm#