Lexikon

Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls. On the other hand, Gram-positive bacteria will retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolorizing solution.

The pathogenic capability of Gram-negative bacteria is often associated with certain components of Gram-negative cell walls, in particular, the lipopolysaccharide (also known as LPS or endotoxin) layer. In humans, LPS triggers an innate immune response characterized by cytokine production and immune system activation. Inflammation is a common result of cytokine production, which can also produce host toxicity. The human immun-response (and also the antibiotics) can be avoided by cell-wall mutation, which is a frequent process within Gram-negative bacteria, due to their complex cell-wall structure with proteins, lipoproteins and lipopolisaccharides.

The following characteristics are displayed by Gram-negative bacteria:

1. Cytoplasmic membrane
2. Thin peptidoglycan (murein) layer (which is much thinner than in Gram-positive bacteria)
3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) outside the peptidoglycan layer
4. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules
5. There is a space between the layers of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic space
6. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane, rather than the peptidoglycan
7. If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two
8. No teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are present
9. Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.
10. Most do not sporulate (Coxiella burnetii, which produces spore-like structures, is a notable exception)

The proteobacteria are a major group of Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, acetic acid bacteria, Legionella and alpha-proteobacteria as Wolbachia and numerous others. Other notable groups of Gram-negative bacteria include the cyanobacteria, spirochaetes, green sulfur and green non-sulfur bacteria.

Medically relevant Gram-negative cocci include three organisms, which cause a sexually transmitted disease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), a meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), and respiratory symptoms (Moraxella catarrhalis).

Medically relevant Gram-negative bacilli include a multitude of species. Some of them primarily cause respiratory problems (Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), primarily urinary problems (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens), and primarily gastrointestinal problems (Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi).

Gram-negative bacteria associated with nosocomial infections include Acinetobacter baumannii, which cause bacteremia, secondary meningitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive-care units of hospital establishments.

One of the several unique characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria is the structure of their outer membrane. The outer leaflet of the membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin. If endotoxin enters the circulatory system, it causes a toxic reaction, with the sufferer's developing a high temperature, high respiration rate, and low blood pressure. This may lead to endotoxic shock, which may be fatal.

This outer membrane protects the bacteria from several antibiotics, dyes, and detergents that would normally damage the inner membrane or cell wall (peptidoglycan). The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to lysozyme and penicillin. However, alternative medicinal treatments such as lysozyme with EDTA and the antibiotic ampicillin have been developed to combat the protective outer membrane of some pathogenic Gram-negative organisms. Other drugs can be used, significant ones being chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria

granulometry (effective hydrodynamic radius, m): the parameter of interest for particle size distribution The particle size distribution is needed in order to decide which route of administration is most appropriate for animal toxicity studies (acute toxicity and repeated dose toxicity).

The different particle sizes defined in EN 481 document1 are:

· inhalable fraction: mass fraction of particles that can be inhaled by nose and mouth;

· thoracic fraction: mass fraction of particles that passes the larynx;

· respirable fraction: mass fraction of particles that reaches the alveoli.

The determination of the particle size fractions is used to assess the possible health effects resulting from inhalation of airborne particles in the workplace.

Greenpeace's cornerstone principles and core values are reflected in all our environmental campaign work, worldwide. These are:

• "Bearing witness" to environmental destruction in a peaceful, non-violent manner;
• Using non-violent confrontation to raise the level and quality of public debate;
• In exposing threats to the environment and finding solutions they have no permanent allies or adversaries;
• Ensuring financial independence from political or commercial interests;
• Seeking solutions for, and promote open, informed debate about society's environmental choices.

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/

GRO range consists of hydrocarbons containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms and includes aromatic compounds, alkanes, cycloalkanes and branched alkanes. Approximately 40% of the hydrocarbons in fresh petrol are monoaromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene (BTEX). The sum of GRO and DRO gives TPH.

all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

groundwater protection describes the management processes by which groundwater quality and resources are protected against pollution and over-exploitation. (Source: EUGRIS)

available groundwater resource is the long-term annual average rate of overall recharge of the body of groundwater less the long-term annual rate of flow required to achieve the ecological quality objectives for associated surface waters, to avoid any significant diminution in the ecological status of such waters and to avoid any significant damage to associated terrestrial ecosystems.

"groundwater status" is the general expression of the status of a body of groundwater, determined by the poorer of its quantitative status and its chemical status.

"good groundwater chemical status" is the chemical status of a body of groundwater, which meets all the conditions set out in table 2.3.2 of Annex V of Water Framework Directive (60/2000/EC).

is an expression of the degree to which a body of groundwater is affected by direct and indirect abstractions.

habitat is the place or type of ecosystem in which a microorganism, fungal, plant or animal species is commonly found integrated into a community, an interactive system of living organisms. Habitat fulfils the requirements of the living organisms inhabitating a delineated part of the aquatic or terrestrial environment.

hazard analysis and critical control points, or HACCP is a systematic preventive approach to food safety and pharmaceutical safety that identifies physical, chemical, and biological hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level. In this manner, HACCP is referred as the prevention of hazards rather than finished product inspection.

The HACCP system can be used at all stages of a food chain, from food production and preparation processes including packaging, distribution, etc. HACCP is believed to stem from of a production process monitoring used during World War II because traditional "end of the pipe" testing on artillery shell's firing mechanisms could not be performed and a large percent of the artillery shells be made at the time were either duds or misfiring.

HACCP has been recognized internationally as a logical tool for adapting traditional inspection methods to a modern, science-based, food safety system. Based on risk-assessment, HACCP plans allow both industry and government to allocate their resources efficiently in establishing and auditing safe food production practices. In 1994, the organization of International HACCP Alliance was established initially for the US meat and poultry industries to assist them with implementing HACCP and now its membership has been spread over other professional/industrial areas.

Hence, HACCP has been increasingly applied to industries other than food, such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. This method, which in effect seeks to plan out unsafe practices based on science, differs from traditional "produce and sort" quality control methods that do nothing to prevent hazards from occuring and must identify them at the end of the process. HACCP is focused only on the health safety issues of a product and not the quality of the product, yet HACCP principles are the basis of most food quality and safety assurance systems. FAO/WHO published a guideline for all governments to handle the issue in small and less developed food businesses.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points

the HACCP seven principles

Principle 1: Conduct a hazard analysis. – Plans determine the food safety hazards and identify the preventive measures the plan can apply to control these hazards. A food safety hazard is any biological, chemical, or physical property that may cause a food to be unsafe for human consumption.

Principle 2: Identify critical control points. – A critical control point (CCP) is a point, step, or procedure in a food manufacturing process at which control can be applied and, as a result, a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to an acceptable level.

Principle 3: Establish critical limits for each critical control point. – A critical limit is the maximum or minimum value to which a physical, biological, or chemical hazard must be controlled at a critical control point to prevent, eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level.

Principle 4: Establish critical control point monitoring requirements. – Monitoring activities are necessary to ensure that the process is under control at each critical control point. In the United States, the FSIS is requiring that each monitoring procedure and its frequency be listed in the HACCP plan.

Principle 5: Establish corrective actions. – These are actions to be taken when monitoring indicates a deviation from an established critical limit. The final rule requires a plant's HACCP plan to identify the corrective actions to be taken if a critical limit is not met. Corrective actions are intended to ensure that no product injurious to health or otherwise adulterated as a result of the deviation enters commerce.

Principle 6: Establish procedures for ensuring the HACCP system is working as intended. – Validation ensures that the plants do what they were designed to do; that is, they are successful in ensuring the production of a safe product. Plants will be required to validate their own HACCP plans. FSIS will not approve HACCP plans in advance, but will review them for conformance with the final rule.

Verification ensures the HACCP plan is adequate, that is, working as intended. Verification procedures may include such activities as review of HACCP plans, CCP records, critical limits and microbial sampling and analysis. FSIS is requiring that the HACCP plan include verification tasks to be performed by plant personnel. Verification tasks would also be performed by FSIS inspectors. Both FSIS and industry will undertake microbial testing as one of several verification activities.

Verification also includes "validation" – the process of finding evidence for the accuracy of the HACCP system (e.g. scientific evidence for critical limitations).

Principle 7: Establish record keeping procedures. – The HACCP regulation requires that all plants maintain certain documents, including its hazard analysis and written HACCP plan, and records documenting the monitoring of critical control points, critical limits, verification activities, and the handling of processing deviations.

harmful substances are those which endanger living organisms, natural and man-mad environmnet with their potential adverse effects. We also use the following terms for these substances: dangerous substances, substances with adverse effects. We can specify the advers effect and the harm, e.g.: explosives, flammable substances or preparations, oxidising or reducing agents, acidic or alkaline substances, toxic substances or preparations, corrosive substances or preparations irritants, sensitizers, carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxici or dangerous for the environment. The substances which pose harm on the local and global environment are mainly those which poison water and soil, cause acid-rain, CO₂ and methane overproduction or ozone depletion, etc.

See also: dangerous substances, toxic substance, toxic metals, toxic effect, toxicity, mutagenic effect, mutagenicity, reprotoxic

the hazard is a property or set of properties, that make a substance dangerous. (Source: REACH Glossary)

hazard assessment consists in using the information about the intrinsic properties of the substance to make an assessment of hazard in the following areas:
1. Human health hazard assessment
2. Human health hazard assessment of physicochemical properties
3. Environmental hazard assessment
4. PBT and vPvB assessment. (Source, REACH Glossary)

Hazard assessment has two steps, hazard identification and establishment of dose-response relationship for observed adverse effects in the specified (eco)toxicological endpoints.

the type of hazard is described by hazard classes. Generally these are subdivided into hazard categories which express the level of hazardousness.
Altogether the GHS comprises 16 classes for physical-chemical hazards, 10 classes for health hazards, and one class for hazards to the aquatic environment.

hazard statements are standardized phrases about the hazards of chemical substances and mixtures. It is part of GHS, the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (CLP)

After the harmonisation of GHS and CLP hazard statements replace R-phrases (used by DSD (Dangerous Substance Directive)

Hazard statements are one of the elements of labelling chemicals in CLP and GHS, which are:

• identification of the chemical substance or other material or product containing cgemicals
• one or more hazard pictograms
  
• a signal word – either DANGER or WARNING – where necessary
• precautionary statements, indicating how the product should be handled to minimize risks to the user and the environment
• the identity of the supplier: manufacturer or importer

Hazard statements for physico-chemical, human health and environmental hazards the following:

Physico-chemical hazards:

• H200: Unstable explosive
• H201: Explosive; mass explosion hazard
• H202: Explosive; severe projection hazard
• H203: Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
• H204: Fire or projection hazard
• H205: May mass explode in fire
• H220: Extremely flammable gas
• H221: Flammable gas
• H222: Extremely flammable material
• H223: Flammable material
• H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
• H225: Highly flammable liquid and vapour
• H226: Flammable liquid and vapour
• H227: Combustible liquid
• H228: Flammable solid
• H240: Heating may cause an explosion
• H241: Heating may cause a fire or explosion
• H242: Heating may cause a fire
• H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
• H251: Self-heating; may catch fire
• H252: Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
• H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
• H261: In contact with water releases flammable gas
• H270: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
• H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
• H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer
• H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
• H281: Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
• H290: May be corrosive to metals

Human health hazard

• H300: Fatal if swallowed
• H301: Toxic if swallowed
• H302: Harmful if swallowed
• H303: May be harmful if swallowed
• H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
• H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways
• H310: Fatal in contact with skin
• H311: Toxic in contact with skin
• H312: Harmful in contact with skin
• H313: May be harmful in contact with skin
• H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
• H315: Causes skin irritation
• H316: Causes mild skin irritation
• H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction
• H318: Causes serious eye damage
• H319: Causes serious eye irritation
• H320: Causes eye irritation
• H330: Fatal if inhaled
• H331: Toxic if inhaled
• H332: Harmful if inhaled
• H333: May be harmful if inhaled
• H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled
• H335: May cause respiratory irritation
• H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness
• H340: May cause genetic defects
• H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects
• H350: May cause cancer
• H351: Suspected of causing cancer
• H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child
• H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
• H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children
• H370: Causes damage to organs
• H371: May cause damage to organs
• H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
• H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure

Environmental hazard

• H400: Very toxic to aquatic life
• H401: Toxic to aquatic life
• H402: Harmful to aquatic life
• H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
• H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
• H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects
• H413: May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life

Some other EU-specific hazard statements:

• EUH001: Explosive when dry
• EUH006: Explosive with or without contact with air
• EUH014: Reacts violently with water
• EUH018: In use may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
• EUH019: May form explosive peroxides
• EUH044: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement

• EUH029: Contact with water liberates toxic gas
• EUH031: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
• EUH032: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
• EUH066: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
• EUH070: Toxic by eye contact
• EUH071: Corrosive to the respiratory tract

• EUH059: Hazardous to the ozone layer

• EUH201: Contains lead. Should not be used on surfaces liable to be chewed or sucked by children.
  • EUH201A: Warning! Contains lead.
• EUH202: Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds. Keep out of the reach of children.
• EUH203: Contains chromium(VI). May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH204: Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH205: Contains epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH206: Warning! Do not use together with other products. May release dangerous gases (chlorine).
• EUH207: Warning! Contains cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during use. See information supplied by the manufacturer. Comply with the safety instructions.
• EUH208: Contains <name of sensitising substance>. May produce an allergic reaction.
• EUH209: Can become highly flammable in use.
  • EUH209A: Can become flammable in use.
• EUH210: Safety data sheet available on request.
• EUH401: To avoid risks to human health and the environment, comply with the instructions for use.

Source: CLP Regulation

hazard warning may be any word, picture, symbol, or combination thereof appearing on a label or other appropriate form of warning which convey the hazards of the chemical(s) in the container(s) or trasport facility.

wastes on the List of Wastes are hazardous if they have one or more of the following hazardous properties:

H1 “Explosive”: substances and preparations which may explode under the effect of flame or that are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene.

H2 “Oxidising”: substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances.

H3A Highly flammable (first indent): liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21oC (including extremely flammable liquids), or

H3A Highly flammable (second indent): Substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy, or

H3A Highly flammable (third indent): solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the ignition source, or

H3A Highly flammable (fourth indent): gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal temperature and pressure, or

H3A Highly flammable (fifth indent): substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

H3B “Flammable”: liquid substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or greater than 21 0C and less than or equal to 55oC.

H4 “Irritant”: non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.

H5 “Harmful”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks.

H6 “Toxic”: substances and preparations (including very toxic substances and preparations) which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death.

H7 “Carcinogenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence.

H8 “Corrosive”: substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contact.

H9 “Infectious”: substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms.

H10 “Teratogenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence.

H11 “Mutagenic”: substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence.

H12 Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid.

H13 Substances and preparations capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any characteristics listed above.

H14 “Ecotoxic”: substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.

categories or generic types of hazardous waste listed according to their nature or the activity which generated them (waste may be liquid, sludge or solid in form):

ANNEX I.

Annex I. A.

1. anatomical substances; hospital and other clinical wastes;

2. pharmaceuticals, medicines and veterinary compounds;

3. wood preservatives;

4. biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances;

5. residue from substances employed as solvents;

6. halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents excluding inert polymerized materials;

7. tempering salts containing cyanides;

8. mineral oils and oily substances (e.g. cutting sludges, etc.);

9. oil/water, hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions;

10. substances containing PCBs and/or PCTs (e.g. dielectrics etc.);

11. tarry materials arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic treatment (e.g. still bottoms, etc.);

12. inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnishes;

13. resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives;

14. chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or the environment are not known (e.g. laboratory residues, etc.);

15. pyrotechnics and other explosive materials;

16. photographic chemicals and processing materials;

17. any material contaminated with any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan;

18. any material contaminated with any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin.

ANNEX I.B.

19. animal or vegetable soaps, fats, waxes;

20. non-halogenated organic substances not employed as solvents;

21. inorganic substances without metals or metal compounds;

22. ashes and/or cinders;

23. soil, sand, clay including dredging spoils;

24. non-cyanidic tempering salts;

25. metallic dust, powder;

26. spent catalyst materials;

27. liquids or sludges containing metals or metal compounds;

28. residue from pollution control operations (e.g. baghouse dusts, etc.) except (29), (30) and (33);

29. scrubber sludges;

30. sludges from water purification plants;

31. decarbonization residue;

32. ion-exchange column residue;

33. sewage sludges, untreated or unsuitable for use in agriculture;

34. residue from cleaning of tanks and/or equipment;

35. contaminated equipment;

36. contaminated containers (e.g. packaging, gas cylinders, etc.) whose contents included one or more of the constituents listed in Annex II;

37. batteries and other electrical cells;

38. vegetable oils;

39. materials resulting from selective waste collections from households and which exhibit any of the characteristics listed in Annex III;

40. any other wastes which contain any of the constituents listed in Annex II and any of the properties listed in Annex III.

ANNEX II

Wastes having as constituents:

C1 beryllium; beryllium compounds;

C2 vanadium compounds;

C3 chromium (VI) compounds;

C4 cobalt compounds;

C5 nickel compounds;

C6 copper compounds;

C7 zinc compounds;

C8 arsenic; arsenic compounds;

C9 selenium; selenium compounds;

C10 silver compounds;

C11 cadmium; cadmium compounds;

C12 tin compounds;

C13 antimony; antimony compounds;

C14 tellurium; tellurium compounds;

C15 barium compounds; excluding barium sulfate;

C16 mercury; mercury compounds;

C17 thallium; thallium compounds;

C18 lead; lead compounds;

C19 inorganic sulphides;

C20 inorganic fluorine compounds, excluding calcium fluoride;

C21 inorganic cyanides;

C22 the following alkaline or alkaline earth metals: lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium in uncombined form;

C23 acidic solutions or acids in solid form;

C24 basic solutions or bases in solid form;

C25 asbestos (dust and fibres);

C26 phosphorus: phosphorus compounds, excluding mineral phosphates;

C27 metal carbonyls;

C28 peroxides;

C29 chlorates;

C30 perchlorates;

C31 azides;

C32 PCBs and/or PCTs;

C33 pharmaceutical or veterinary coumpounds;

C34 biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances (e.g. pesticides, etc.);

C35 infectious substances;

C36 creosotes;

C37 isocyanates; thiocyanates;

C38 organic cyanides (e.g. nitriles, etc.);

C39 phenols; phenol compounds;

C40 halogenated solvents;

C41 organic solvents, excluding halogenated solvents;

C42 organohalogen compounds, excluding inert polymerized materials and other substances referred to in this Annex;

C43 aromatic compounds; polycyclic and heterocyclic organic compounds;

C44 aliphatic amines;

C45 aromatic amines C46 ethers;

C47 substances of an explosive character, excluding those listed elsewhere in this Annex;

C48 sulphur organic compounds;

C49 any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan;

C50 any congener of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin;

C51 hydrocarbons and their oxygen; nitrogen and/or sulphur compounds not otherwise taken into account in this Annex.

Certain duplications of generic types of hazardous wastes listed in Annex I are intentional.

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0689:EN:HTML

the waste properties of wastes are enlisted here:

H1 "Explosive": substances and preparations which may explode under the effect of flame or which are more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene.

H2 "Oxidizing": substances and preparations which exhibit highly exothermic reactions when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances.

H3-A "Highly flammable":

- liquid substances and preparations having a flash point below 21 °C (including extremely flammable liquids), or
- substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any application of energy, or
- solid substances and preparations which may readily catch fire after brief contact with a source of ignition and which continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the source of ignition, or
- gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable in air at normal pressure, or
- substances and preparations which, in contact with water or damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

H3-B "Flammable": liquid substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or greater than 21 °C and less than or equal to 55 °C.

H4 "Irritant": non-corrosive substances and preparations which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane, can cause inflammation.

H5 "harmful": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve limited health risks.

H6 "Toxic": substances and preparations (including very toxic substances and preparations) which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve serious, acute or chronic health risks and even death.

H7 "Carcinogenic": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce cancer or increase its incidence.

H8 "Corrosive": substances and preparations which may destroy living tissue on contacts.

H9 "Infectious": substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or reliably believed to cause disease in man or other living organisms.

H10 "Teratogenic": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence.

H11 "Mutagenic": substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence.

H12 Substances and preparations which release toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid.

H13 Substances and preparations capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above.

H14 "Ecotoxic": substances and preparations which present or may present immediate or delayed risks for one or more sectors of the environment.

1. Attribution of the hazard properties "toxic" (and "very toxic"), "harmful", "corrosive" and "irritant" is made on the basis of the criteria laid down by Annex VI, part I A and part II B, of Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 of the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (1), in the version as amended by Council Directive 79/831/EEC (2).

2. With regard to attribution of the properties "carcinogenic", "teratogenic" and "mutagenic", and reflecting the most recent findings, additional criteria are contained in the Guide to the classification and labelling of dangerous substances and preparations of Annex VI (part II D) to Directive 67/548/EEC in the version as amended by Commission Directive 83/467/EEC (1).

Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0689:EN:HTML

Hazard and Operability Study.

hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a colorless gas, better known as HCFC-22, R-22. It was once commonly used as a propellant and in air conditioning applications. These applications are being phased out due to ozone depletion potential and status as a potent greenhouse gas. R22 is a versatile intermediate in industrial organofluorine chemistry, e.g. as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene.

high-density lipoprotein