Lexikon
remediation technology for contaminated soil and groundwater, an innovative version of pump and treat technology applying a sugar, a cyclodextrin (hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin) for the enhancement of the solubility of organic contaminants. It was developed in the USA and applied with success for remediation of military sites contaminated by e.g. trichloroethylene. Injecting the cyclodextrin solution into the injection wells, the ground water containing the contaminant in enhanced concentration is extracted from the extraction wells and treated by activated carbon or by distillation. The regenerated cyclodextrin solution is re-injected into the ground water. (see MOKKA database sheet No. 183) Further literature: Boving, T.B. and Brusseau, M.L. (2000) Solubilization and removal of residual trichloroethene from porous media: comparison of several solubilization agents. J. Contam. Hydrol., 42(1), 51-67; Boving, T.B., Barnett, S.M., Perez, G., Blanford, W.J. and McCray, J.E. (2007) remediation with cyclodextrin: recovery of the remedial agent by membrane filtration. Remed. J., 17, 21-36.
"ecological status" is an expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters, classified in accordance with Annex V. of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), 60/2000/EC
"good ecological potential" is the status of a heavily modified or an artificial body of water, so classified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex V. of Water Framework Directive (WFD), (60/2000/EC).
"good ecological status" is the status of a body of surface water, so classified in accordance with Annex V. of WFD (Water Framework Directive), 60/2000/EC
a biologic response to multiple substances where one substance worsens the effect of another substance. The combined effect of the substances acting together is greater than the sum of the effects of the substances acting by themselves.
See also additive effect and antagonistic effect.
target organ effects indicate which bodily organs are most likely to be affected by exposure to a chemical substance.The classes of target organ effects are summarized in the table below.
The following is a target organ categorization of effects which may occur, including examples of signs and symptoms and chemicals which have been found to cause such effects. These examples are presented to illustrate the range and diversity of effects and hazards found in the workplace, and the broad scope employers must consider in this area, but are not intended to be all-inclusive.
In the table we give the type of chemical substance and its organ-specific effect, the signs and symptoms, and some chemical substances as examples.
| Hepatotoxins - produce hepatic (liver) damage | jaundice, liver enlargement | Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines |
| Nephrotoxins - produce kidney damage | edema, proteinuria | Halogenated hydrocarbons, uranium |
| Neurotoxins - produce their primary toxic effects on the nervous system | narcosis, behavioral changes, decrease in motor functions | Mercury, carbon disulfide |
| Hemato-poietic agents - act on the blood or hemato-poietic system, decrease hemoglobin function, deprive the body tissues of oxygen | cyanosis, loss of consciousness | Carbon monoxide, cyanides |
| Agents which damage the lung - these irritate or damage pulmonary (lung) tissue | cough, tightness in chest, shortness of breath | Silica, asbestos |
| Reproductive toxins - affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis) | birth defects, sterility | Lead, DBCP |
| Cutaneous hazards - affect the dermal layer (skin) of the body | defatting of the skin, rashes, irritation | Ketones, chlorinated compounds |
| Eye hazards - affect the eye or visual capacity | conjunctivitis, corneal damage | organic solvents, acids |
When working with chemical substances that have target organ effects it is critical to prevent exposure. This is especially true if you have a pre-existing condition, disease or injury to that particular organ.
While this environmnetal lexikon refers specifically to organs that can be damaged by a substance, the medical community also refers to organs targeted by diseases or other conditions. For example, the medical literature discusses target organ damage to the brain, heart and kidneys in the context of hypertension (high blood pressure). These target organ effects can manifest themselves even before hypertension is diagnosed or progresses from the pre-hypertensive state. Other diseases/conditions target other organs, of course.
Source: http://www.ilpi.com/msds/osha/1910_1200_APP_A.html#targetorgan
In addition, the term technical dossier is also used to refer to one of the two parts of the Annex XV dossier. It supports the Annex XV report.(Source: REACH Glossary)
thermally enhanced recovery is an in situ treatment process that uses heat to increase the volatilization rate of organics and facilitate extraction. Volatilized contaminants are typically removed from the vadose zone using soil vapor extraction. Specific types of thermally enhanced recovery techniques include radio frequency heating, conductive heating, steam heating, in situ steam stripping, hot air injection, dynamic underground stripping, in situ thermal desorption, and electrical resistive heating. Thermally enhanced recovery is usually applied to contaminated soil but may also be applied to groundwater.
is a measure of the electrical impedance of the skin, as a resistance value in kilo Ohms. A simple and robust method of assessing barrier function by recording the passage of ions through the skin using a Wheatstone bridge apparatus. It is used in skin corrosivity tests, the value of the eletrical impedance gives the damage of the skin disk used int he test treated by the test substance.
ultraviolet light can be detected by suitable photodiodes and photocathodes which can be tailored to be sensitive in different parts of the UV spectrum. Sensitive ultraviolet photomultipliers are also available. These detectors make possible the detection of any levels and changes in levels of UV-light. As such, they can be applied as detectors of many analytical methods as part of spectrometers or coupled with liquid-chromatographs.
waste reuse means that the discarded items or its elements are used again. Initiatives include hand-me-downs, garage sales, quilting, and composting (nutrients).
Waste recycling means that waste are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products. This is different from reuse in that energy is used to change the physical properties of the material. Initiatives include composting, beverage container deposits and buying products with a high content of post-consumer material.
Type of waste recycling is capturing useful material from waste to energy programs. Includes methane collection, gasification and digestion, etc.
Incineration means high temperature destruction of material. Differs from gasification in that oxygen is used; differs from burning in that high temperatures consume material efficiently and emissions are controlled.
wave technology is a special electricity generating wind technology: winds passing over water create surface waves. The faster the wind speed, the longer the wind is sustained, the greater the distance the wind travels, the greater the wave height, and the greater the wave energy produced. Wave power devices capture energy from ocean surface waves to produce electricity. One type of device is a buoy that rises and falls with a wave. Another type is a surface-following device, whose up-and-down motion increases the pressure on oil to drive a hydraulic motor.
zero-discharge technology comprises industrial processes designed to prevent the release of any pollutant harmful to the environment (e.g. recovery of solvents, cleaning rinses, and other chemicals used in manufacturing by collecting them and removing dissolved and suspended materials so the liquids can be reused).