Lexikon

in Hungary there are 6 large landscapes, 35 medium-soze and 230 small landscapes and 6000 ecotops.

The six large landscapes are:
1. Great Plain
2. Northern Medium Mountains
3. Western Hungary
4. Transdanubia
5. Little Plain
6. Transdanubian Medium Mountains

see also pyroclastic rock

Liquid Crystal Display)

toxicological endpoint: LD₅₀ value is the amount of a solid or liquid material that it takes to kill 50% of test animals (for example, mice or rats) in one dose.

LC₅₀ (50% lethal concentration) is a related term used for gases, dusts, vapors, mists etc.

low-density lipoprotein

a company which submits registration information to the Agency on behalf of other members of a joint registration. The information submitted by the lead registrant concerns classification and labelling, study summaries, test proposals and, if necessary, indication which of the information was reviewed by an assessor. If the members of the joint registration so decide, the lead registrant may also submit information on safe use and the CSR on behalf of the others. After the lead registrant submits the information, the other members of the joint registration submit the remaining information individually. (Source: REACH Glossary)

abbreviated as LOD, defined as the lowest concentration or quantity of analyte required to give a signal, which can be distinguished from the background noise. The signal to noise ratio of 3:1 is generally considered acceptable for estimating LOD.

limit of quantification (LOQ) is the lowest concentration, which can be determined with acceptable precision and accuracy. For determination of LOQ the precision and accuracy should be also quantified. It can be calculated from the standard deviation of the blank measurement and the slope of the calibration curve. Usually the LOQ is given as 10 times the background noise.

point noise sources placed one after the other one as, for instance, in a row of cars moving on a road or noise in a pipe.

an extraction technique (LLE) in which one liquid is shaken with or contacted by an extraction solvent to transfer molecules of interest into the solvent phase. Typical sample preparation (concentration) method e.g. organic contaminants in water are extracted into an organic solvent to be measured by gas or liquid chromatography.

in the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. The boundary between the lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation. There are two types of lithosphere: 1) oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with oceanic crust and exists in the ocean basins, 2) continental lithosphere, which is associated with continental crust. The composition of the two types of crust differs markedly, with basaltic rocks ("mafic") dominating oceanic crust, while continental crust consists principally of lower density granitic rocks ("felsic"). The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates. The following tectonic plates currently exist on the earth's surface with roughly definable boundaries. There are seven primary plates (African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indo-Australian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate) and some secondary smaller plates (Arabian-, Caribbean-, Cocos-, Scotia-, Adria-, Aegean-, Arab-, Iranian-, Nazca-, Philippine Sea -plates).These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: 1) convergent boundaries, at which two plates come together, (an example of such a boundary is the San Andreas fault in California) 2) divergent boundaries, at which two plates are pulled apart (the Atlantic Ocean was created by this process, the mid-Atlantic Ridge is an area where new sea floor is being created), and 3) transform boundaries, in which two plates slide past one another laterally. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries. The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates, and their motion is strongly coupled with patterns convection inside the Earth's mantle. An example of this is the Nazca plate being subducted under the South American plate to form the Andes Mountain Chain.

unit of volume. Its conversion to other units:

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level is the lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in people or animals.

In the everyday language loam refers either to the soil type, soil texture or construction material. The term loam in soil sciences has two main meanings:

1. soil type: loam is a soil material composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively). It is like a natural mortar within which the clay has the role of the binder, while sand, silt and small boulders are the aggregates. Loams are gritty, moist, and retain water easily. Loam is ideal for growing crops because it retains nutrients well due to its clay minerals content and retains water while still allowing the water to flow freely. Loam, combined with straw, is used as a construction material to build walls.

2. soil texture is a soil property used to describe the relative proportion of different grain sizes of mineral particles in a soil. In terms of soil texture loam is a medium-textured soil material. The soil texture triangle is a diagram often used to figure out soil textures and it is based on the fractions of soil separates present in a soil. These separates are typically named clay, silt, and sand. According to the fraction of the sand, silt and clay in the soil the soil texture classification would result clay loams, sandy loams, silt loams, sandy clay loams, loamy sand etc

limit of detection is defined as the lowest concentration or mass of analyte required to give a signal, which can be distinguished from the background noise, and can be reliably detected with a given method. The LOD is the lowest concentration obtained from a measurement of a sample (containing the component) that can be discriminated from the concentration obtained from the measurement of a blank sample (a sample not containing the component). (Source: ISO 11843-1. Capability of detection. Part 1: Terms and definitions. ISO, Geneve, 1997) The signal to noise ratio of 3:1 is generally considered acceptable for estimating LOD. The rigorous determination of LOD is important when an analytical method is used for trace analysis or in cases where the legislation requires the absence of certain components.

loess is a sedimentary rock, transported by wind, having special yellowish color and extremely high minerals" target="_blank">clay minerals content. Due to these it is a very good soil forming basic rock.
It is an aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt and lesser and variable amounts of fine sand and clay. loess is homogeneous, porous, friable, pale yellow, slightly coherent, typically non-stratified and often calcareous. The expression „loess” comes from the German Löss or Löß, and ultimately from Swiss German lösch meaning loose as named by peasants and masons along the Rhine Valley.loess grains are angular with little polishing or rounding and composed of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals. loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions it is some of the most agriculturally productive terrain in the world. In the lower portions of a loess deposit the calcium carbonate tends to form concretions, which on account of their mimetic forms have received such names as, "loess dolls”.The loess can be of glacial and non-glacial origin. Glacial loess is derived from the floodplains of glacial braided rivers that carried large volumes of glacial meltwater and sediments from the annual melting of continental icesheets and mountain icecaps during the summer. Non-glacial loess can originate from deserts, dune fields, playa lakes and volcanic ash. Hungary has several areas that are covered by loess of glacial origin. At locations such as Dunaújváros and Balatonkarattya, loess walls are exposed as loess reefs. Vertical stability of loess is extremely high.

Limit Of Quantification is the lowest concentration, which can be determined with acceptable precision and accuracy applying the given method. For determination of LOQ the precision and accuracy should be also quantified. It can be calculated from the standard deviation of the blank measurement and the slope of the calibration curve. Usually the LOQ is given as 10 times the background noise.

the magnitude of the physiological sensation produced by a sound, which varies directly with the physical intensity of sound but also depends on frequency of sound and waveform.