Lexikon

algebra is the branch of mathematics that uses letters, symbols, and/or characters to represent numbers and express mathematical relationships. Those symbols are called variables.

algorithm is an established and well-defined step-by-step method used to achieve a desired mathematical result.

aliphatic compounds are acyclic or cyclic, non-aromatic carbon compounds.

In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings (in which case they are called alicyclic). Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, joined by single bonds (alkanes), or unsaturated, with double bonds (alkenes) or triple bonds (alkynes). Besides hydrogen, other elements can be bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic_compound

starting materials in the manufacture of long-chain, primary alkyl amines are natural fats and oils, or synthetic products of the petrochemical industry. Intermediates are alkyl nitriles, which are formed from carboxylic acids and ammonia over dehydrating catalysts (Al2O3, ZnO, or salts of Mn or Co) in liquid-phase reactors or liquid- and vapor-phase reactors at 280-360°C. The nitriles are hydrogenated at a temperature of 80-180°C and a pressure of 1 -10 MPa in the presence of nickel or cobalt catalysts.

R – CN + 2 H2 → R – CH2 – NH2

The formation of secondary and tertiary amines as by-products is generally inhibited by addition of ammonia. Conversion is usually carried out in autoclaves operated in batch process, although there are also plants which operate in continuous process. Depending on the use, alkyl amines are used as such or purified by distillation under reduced pressure.

The most widespradly used alkyl amines are the followings:

• Tallow alkyl amine is a white waxy solid with a pungent amine-like smell at 20 °C.
• (Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine is a light yellow paste-like liquid with amine-like odour at 20 °C.
• 1-Octadecanamine is a colourless solid with amine-like odour at 20 °C.
• Hydrogenated tallow alkyl amine is a white wax with amine-like odour at 20 °C.
• Cocos alkyl amine is a slightly yellow liquid with amine-like odour at 20 °C.

Identification numbers, names and molecular weights are specified here:

Amines, tallow alkyl

• CAS Number: 61790-33-8
• EINECS Number: 263-125-1
• IUPAC Name: Tallow alkyl amine
• Molecular formula: unspecified
• Molecular weight: 267 as average (undistilled)
• Synonyms: Tallow fatty amines
• C14-C18 Alkylamines
• CA Index Name: Amines, tallow alkyl

(Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine

• CAS Number: 112-90-3
• EINECS Number: 204-015-5
• IUPAC Name: (Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine
• Molecular formula: C18H37N
• Structural formula: C18 hydrocarbon chain with one doublebond -NH2
• Molecular weight: 267.5 g/mol
• Synonyms: Oleylamine
• cis-9-Octadecenylamine
• CA Index Name: 9-Octadecen-1-amine, (Z)-
  

Octadecylamine

• CAS Number: 124-30-1
• EINECS Number: 204-695-3
• IUPAC Name: 1-Octadecanamine
• Molecular formula: C18H39N
• Structural formula: saturated C18 hydrocarbon chain-NH2
• Molecular weight: 269.5 g/mol
• Synonyms: Octadecylamine
• Stearylamine
• 1-Aminooctadecane
• CA-Index name: 1-Octadecanamine

Amines, hydrogenated tallow alkyl-

• CAS Number: 61788-45-
• EINECS Number: 262-976-6
• IUPAC Name: hydrogenated tallow alkyl amine
• Molecular formula: unspecified
• Molecular weight: 263 g/mol as average
• Synonyms: N-hydrogenated tallow alkyl amine
• CAS Index name: Amines, hydrogenated tallow alkyl-

Amines, coco alkyl-

• CAS Number: 61788-46-3
• EINECS Number: 262-977-1
• IUPAC Name: cocos alkyl amine
• Molecular formula: unspecified
• Structural formula: C8-18 hydrocarbon chain-NH2
• Molecular weight: 194 - 204 g/mol (undestilled)
• Synonyms: Cocoamine
• Coconut oil alkyl amine
• CAS index name: Amines, coco alkyl-

Alkyl amines are toxic both on the ecosystem and humans.

Ecosystem

Primary alkyl amines need to be classified for possible effects on the environment as N, R 50/R53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms. May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. The classification “R 50” is justified by the results of the short-term toxicity tests using fish, daphniae and algae. The LC/EC50 values relevant for classification and labelling were mainly lower than 0.1 mg/l. Using river water as test medium, the effective concentrations increase due to reduced bioavailability probably by adsorption of the test substances. However, most of the LC/EC50 values determined in river water were also < 0.1 mg/l demonstrating the high toxicity of the primary alky amines for aquatic organisms and supporting clearly the “R50” classification.

In most of the tests on ready biodegradability the pass level criteria were reached failing the 10-day window criterion. Due to the high adsorption of the primary alkyl amines it is assumed that the test substances were only partially accessible for degradation in the tests. Additional tests indicate a comparability of the rates during the exponential part of the degradation curve with readily biodegradable substances. Taking the experimental results together, primary alkyl amines are classified as readily degradable, fulfilling the 10-days window.

However, the available information indicate for a high bioaccumulation potential. The calculated LogPOW is approximately 7, and using a QSAR approach the BCF is estimated to be 158 l/kg. (Meylan et al. 1999). In addition, a preliminary study on bioconcentration using fish and hexadecylamine as test substance was performed. Although the test was performed as research project without GLP and the conditions were not standard, according to this study the BCF for hexadecylamine might range between 200 and 2,400 depending on the parameters assumed to calculate the ratio. Since hexadecylamine is one of the main components of the primary alkyl amines considered in this report, a classification for the group basing on th is test is justified: Long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment cannot be excluded (R50/R53).

Human Health

According to the data presented below the substances in the category “primary alkyl amines” have to be classified with respect to human health as following:

Amines, tallow alkyl

• Xn; R22 Harmful if swallowed
• C Corrosive
• R35 Causes severe burns
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

(Z)-Octadec-9-enylamine

• Xn; R22 Harmful if swallowed
• C Corrosive
• R34 Causes burns
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Octadecylamine

• Xi; R38 irritating to skin
• Xi; R 41 risk of serious damage to the eyes
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Amines, hydrogenated tallow alkyl

• Xi, R38 irritating to skin
• Xi; R41 risk of serious damage to the eyes
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Amines, coco alkyl

• Xn; R22 Harmful if swallowed
• C; R35 Corrosive:Causes severe burns
• Xi, R37 Irritating to respiratory system
• Xn; R48/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed

Source: http://echa.europa.eu/doc/trd_substances/amines_hydrogenated_tallow_alkyl/ann_xv_trd/trd_germany_amines_hydrogenated_tallow_alkyl.pdf

a group of carbon and hydrogen atoms that branch from the main carbon chain or ring in a hydrocarbon molecule. The simplest alkyl group, a methyl group, is a carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms.

alkylating agents is a group of chemotherapy drugs. These drugs kill cancer cells by stopping their growth. They can also make it hard for cancer cells to repair damage. Some common alkylating agents are cyclophosphamide (brand name: Cytoxan) and fluorouracil (also called 5-FU or 5-fluorouracil; brand name: Adrucil).

an allergen is a nonparazitic antigen, capable of stimulating hypersensitivity reaction in sensitiva individuals. It means that most humans mount significant immunresponses only as a defense against parasitic infections. However, some allergic individuals mount this immunresponse against common environmental antigens, pollens, foods, animal material, etc.

Officially, the USA FDA (Food and Drug Administration) does recognize 8 foods as being common for allergic reactions in a large segment of the sensitive population, which includes, peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, milk, shellfish, fish, wheat and their derivatives, soy and their derivatives, and sulphites (chemical based, often found in flavors and colors in foods) at 10ppm and over.

Most frequent allergens:
Foods: out of the FDA list many fruits (strowberry) and vegetables (celery), eggs, legumes, milk and milkproducts, all kind of seafood, sesame, etc.
Animal products: cat allergy, fur and dander, cocroach, wool and feather, dust mite.
Drugs: penicillin, sulfonamides, salicylates, anaesthetics.
Insect stings: bee, wasp, mosquito
Mold spores
Plant pollens: grasses, weeds and trees.

Most frequent allergies:
asthma, hay-fiver, skin rush, eczema, food allergy

Source: Wikipedia

allergy is a disorder of the human immune system. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens.

It is kind of hypersensitivity and is characterised by excessive activation of certain white blood cells called mast cells and basophil granulocites by a type of antibody known as IgE, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response. Common allergic reactions include eczema, hives, hay fever, asthma attacks, food allergies, and reactions to the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and bees.

Mild allergies like hay fever are highly prevalent in the human population and cause symptoms such as allergic conjunctivitis, itchiness, and runny nose. Allergies can play a major role in conditions such as asthma. In some people, severe allergies to environmental or dietary allergens or to medication may result in life-threatening anaphylactic reactions and potentially death.

A variety of tests now exist to diagnose allergic conditions; these include testing the skin for responses to known allergens or analyzing the blood for the presence and levels of allergen-specific IgE. Treatments for allergies include allergen avoidance, use of anti-histamines, steroids or other oral medications, immunotherapy to desensitize the response to allergen, and targeted therapy.

The medical specialty concerned with allergies is allergology.

(Source: Wikipedia)

alpha-ketoglutaric acid bounds ammonia (in the form of α-ketoglutarate) produced by de-amination of glutamate. It plays important role in the Krebs-cycle, in the synthesis of amino-acid glutamine, in the ammonia-cycle. It is co-substrate for some oxigenase enzymes.

It is used as dietary supplement, mainly for body builders.

any energy source that can be utilised without the use of burning fossil fuels and as a consequence without the undesired effects of the replaced fuels. Such alternative sources are almost always a renewable energy source such as hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power or bioenergy from biomass. The latter one is questionable from the point of view of eco-efficiency: a life cycle assessment may decide its ecologically friendly or not friendly character. Biogas from organic waste or briquette from waste biomass can be ecologically friendly, but palm oil produced on the soil of killed rain-forest, cannot be eco-efficient.

aluminium phosphide is an inorganic compound used as a wide band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colourless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation. It has a strong, garlic like smell.

EC Number: 244-088-0; CAS number: 20859-73-8

It is not a highly flammable solid, but in contact with water it evolves highly flammable gases in dangerous quantities. The gas ignites spontaneously. Phosphine (PH₃) is produced when hydrolysing.

Aluminium phosphid is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles, and rodents. The tablets or pellets typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas.

As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide.

Aluminiumphosphid a semiconductor material is usually alloyed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as light-emitting diodes, such as aluminium gallium indium phosphide.

It is classified under REACH and CLP as following:

Hazard classes, Hazard categories

• Water-reactivity 1
• Acute Toxicity 2
• Acute Toicity 3
• Aquatic Acute 1

Hazard statements

• H260 In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
• H300 Fatal if swallowed
• H311 Toxic in contact with skin
• H400 Very toxic to aquatic life

Sources:

http://echa.europa.eu/doc/consultations/cl/CLH_AXVREP_DE_Aluminium+phosphide.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide

amalgam is an alloy formed by the reaction of mercury with another metal. Almost all metals can form amalgams with mercury, notable exceptions being iron and platinum. Silver-mercury amalgams are important in dentistry, and gold-mercury amalgam is used in the extraction of gold from ore.

Dental amalgam: 50% mercury and 50% powder form metal mix of silver, lead, tin and copper.

Potassium amalgam, sodium amalgam and ammonium amalgam are industrial chemicals.

Mercury as alloying agent in mining had been used for gold mining and gold processing - extraction from ore.

Aluminium amalgam is a reducing agent, thallium amalgam is used in thermometers for measuring low temperature (minus 58 ^oC. Tin amalgam was used for mirror coating in the 19^th centiry.

Mercury can analytically be detected and determined by the amalgam probe, an analytical method based on quantitative amalgam formation.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_%28chemistry%29

ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world-a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Known for their high technical quality and market relevancy, ASTM International standards have an important role in the information infrastructure that guides design, manufacturing and trade in the global economy.

Source: http://www.astm.org/

amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. Alpha-amino acids with the general formula H₂NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent, play important role in the metabolism of living organisms. One particularly important function is as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. Every protein is chemically defined by this primary structure, its unique sequence of amino acid residues, which in turn define the three-dimensional structure of the protein.

Amino acids are synthesized from Glutamate, which is formed by amination of α-ketoglutarate:

α-Ketoglutarate + NH₄⁺ = Glutamate

Afterwards, Alanine and Aspartate are formed by transamination of Glutamate. All of the remaining amino acids are then constructed from Glutamate or Aspartate, by transamination of these two amino acids with one α-keto acid.

Humans are able to synthetise only part of the necessary amino-acids, 8 pf them are so calle essential aminoacids, which should be taken up by nutrition. The essential amino acids are: Isoleucine, Leucine, Lizyne, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophane and Valine.

ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH₃. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH₃ in water.

ammonium is a positive ion NH₄⁺ in the solution of NH₃ in water.

anaemia or anemia, decrease in normal number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.

anaerobic is a technical word which means without air. Air is generally used to mean atmospheric oxygen. Anaerobic is the opposite aerobic.

In the environmnetal technologies the absence of atmospheric oxygen is indicated as anoxic; and anaerobic is used to indicate the absence of a common electron acceptor such as nitrate, sulfate or oxygen.

detailed examination of anything complex, made in order to understand its nature or to determine its essential features, such as composition, inner structure, distribution of components and any consequences of these, association and other relations between the components.

This kind of detailed analysis is applied by economy, engineering, environmental science and practice, ecology, social sciences, etc. It is often mixed up with "assessment", which is qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the targeted health, environmental, industrial, economical, social, educational, political, etc. situation and it serves as basis for analysis.

In the field of chemistry it covers chemical analyses. It is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.

Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components. The separation of components is generally performed prior to analysis.

Chemical analytical methods are classified according the tool they apply. According to the tools we differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as preparatory methods.

Aim of the qualitative analysis is to find a direct or indirect proof for the presence of the substance in question or its product. Qualitative tools are: identification of the chemical compound based on physico-chemical behaviour (colour, melting point, flame-ionisation, mass-spectrum), chemical reactions, including biochemical and molecular biological (e.g. DNA) techniques, such as product of the chemical substance with a specific chemical reagent. In case of biologically active substances, the product of a biochemical reaction or the response of a biological system can also be measured. A new and very efficient analytical tool is the identification of certain DNA sequences.

Quantitative tools are based on measuring mass, volume, flux or intensity. For measuring the quantity-related endpoint the following traditional and instrumental methods can be used: gravimetry, volumetry, microscopy, spectrometry, mass spectrometry, electrochemical and thermal techniques, etc. Most of the quantitative tools apply standards to be able to express the result of the measured endpoint in concentration.

For the separation of the components of a mixture the traditional analysis applies precipitation, extraction, and distillation, the instrumental tools are the different chromatographic and electrophoretic methods.

Chemical analyses has widespread use in diagnosis and remediation, environmental science and practice, chemical industries, agriculture, food industry and all kind of other industries. The utilisation of analytical methods includes monitoring, early warning or quality assurance on the fields of human health, environment and industries.

a substance measured in the laboratory. A chemical substance for which a sample (such as water, air, or blood) is tested in a laboratory. For example, if the analyte is cadmium, the laboratory test will determine the amount of cadmium in the sample and the result will be given in Cd-concentration.

any steroid hormone that promotes male secondary sex characters. The two main androgens are androsterone and testosterone. Called also androgenic hormone.  

The androgenic hormones are internal endocrine secretions circulating in the bloodstream and manufactured mainly by the testes under stimulation from the pituitary gland. To a lesser extent, androgens are produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes, as well as by the ovaries in women. Thus women normally have a small percentage of male hormones, in the same way that men's bodies contain some female sex hormones, the estrogens. Male secondary sex characters include growth of the beard and deepening of the voice at puberty. Androgens also stimulate the growth of muscle and bones throughout the body and thus account in part for the greater strength and size of men as compared to women.

Source: medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Anti-androgen

chest pain due to a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply of the heart muscle.

a laboratory animal useful for research.

human toxicity testing of chemical substances is mainly based on the results of animal toxicity tests. In these tests the information on the effect of chemical substances comes from animal experimentation, which from an extrapolation is possible to man, supposing that the properly selected animal species’ response is analogous to human body’s response and the test-method, the applied test scenario perfectly models real human exposure. The main methodology for extrapolation for example from rat to man, is the application of a safety factor, based on experience. The default for the interspecies safety factor is EC50 (human)/EC50 (animal) = 0.1, because drugs and toxic chemical substances are ten times more potent in humans based on existing pharmacological and toxicological data.

Animal data are suitable to establish the dose or the concentration of the chemical substance that would cause adverse effect, damage or death, and based on these tests we can determine or calculate the lowest effect and the highest no effect concentrations or doses, which are manageable limit values.

Animal testing has many subclasses, according to the applied animal taxon (fish, bird, mouse, rat, dog, monkey, etc.), the type of exposure (acute, repeated or chronic exposure), exposure routes (inhalation, peroral, cutaneous, mixed routes), aim of the test method (toxicity, mutagenicity, reprotoxicity, neurotoxicity testing) and according to the measured endpoint such as death, immobilization, changes in behavior, irritation, corrosion, organ-toxicity (cardiac-, ophthalmic-, cutaneous-, muscle-, bone-, or hepatotoxicity), cellular toxicity (cell death, mitochondrial, perixosome, cellular tight junctions, reactive oxygen species, glutathione and glutathione-transferase, metabolomics, DNA-changes, chemokines, etc.) toxicity on endocrine system, immuntoxicity, phototoxicity, photoallergy.

Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC contains a list of harmonised classifications and labellings for substances or groups of substances, which are legally binding within the EU.
The list is regularly updated through Adaptations to Technical Progress (ATP). Revised and new classifications inserted to the list are proposed by DG ENV (EC Directorate General responsible for environment) and agreed by a Member State vote.
The DG ENV proposal is based on advice from the Technical Committee for Classification and Labelling (TC C&L) with participation of experts from the Member States.
The list is published in OJ L 152 of 30/04/2004 and can be found on the following web-address: http://www.reach-compliance.eu/english/legislation/docs/launchers/launch-annex-1-67-548-EEC.html

Annex VI of the CLP Regulation contains the list of substances, which should be classified according to harmonised classification (legal classification: GHS, Globally Harmonized System). The same role filled formerly Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC.

Annex XIII contains criteria for the identification of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances, and very persistent and very bioaccumulative substances (vPvB).

Source: REACH

Annex XIV: Authorisation Priority List, contains the substances which are subject of authorisation and the specific timeline for sunsetting & application.

Source: REACH

Annex XV dossiers are the regulatory instruments for the Authorities (Member States or the Agency) to propose and justify:

• a harmonised classification and labelling of substances as carcinogenic, mutagenic and or toxic to reproduction (CMR) and as respiratory sensitisers, or for any other endpoint if justification for action at Community level can be provided. Agreement on a dossier for harmonised classification and labelling will lead to the addition of the classification to Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC.
• the identification of CMR substances, PBT substances, vPvB substances or substances of an equivalent level of concern. Agreement on the identification of a substance as a PBT, vPvB or of an equivalent level of concern means that it is a substance of very high concern and is to be included in the candidate list of substances for eventual inclusion in Annex XIV of the REACH Regulation, and through this be subject to authorisation. Substances with PBT or vPvB properties, wide dispersive use or high volumes will be priority substances for inclusion in Annex XIV.
• Restriction on the manufacture, placing on the market or use of substances within the Community. Agreement on proposed restrictions will lead to the addition of any agreed restrictions to Annex XVII of the REACH Regulation. Any subsequent manufacture, placing on the market or use of the substance has to comply with the conditions of the restrictions.

Annex XV of the REACH Regulation lays down general principles for preparing these three types of dossier.

Source: REACH

Annex XVI is the socio-economic analysis of the substance in question.

Annex XVII contains restrictions on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of certain dangerous substances, preparations and articles.

Source: REACH

an anomaly is any occurrence or object that is strange, unusual, or unique. It can also mean a discrepancy or deviation from an established rule or trend.

a biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that is less than would be expected if the known effects of the individual substances were added together.

See also additive effect and synergism or synergistic effect.