Lexikon

Sulcotrione is a foliar herbicide. Its mode of action is the Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (4-HPPD).

Common name (ISO): Sulcotrione
Chemical name (IUPAC): 2-(2-chloro-4-mesylbenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione
Chemical name (CA): 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)-benzoyl]-
CIPAC No: 723; CAS No: 99105-77-8;
Minimum purity: 950 g/kg (on a dry weight basis)
Molecular formula:: C14 H13 Cl O5 S
Identity of relevant impurities (of toxicological, ecotoxicological and/or environmental concern)
Hydrogen cyanide: maximum content 80 mg/kg on a dry weight basis
Toluene: maximum content 4 g/kg on a dry weight basis.
Molecular mass: 328.77 g/mol

The Standing Committee of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting on 28 October 2008 decidedon the inclusion of sulcotrione in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC (the placing of plant protection products on the market).

The following reference values have been finalised as part of the re-evaluation:
ADI: 0.0004 mg/kg bw/day
ARfD: not allocated, not necessary
AOEL: 0.0006 mg/kg bw/day.

Complete characterisation:

General status:

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Degradation:

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Key metabolites:

Other known metabolites:

ECOTOXICOLOGY

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General:

Health issues: skin sensitiser, potential kidney and liver toxicant, may cause eye damage

Handling issues:

Sources:

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Reports/600.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list_sulcotrione.pdf

http://compendium.bayercropscience.com/BAYER/CropScience/CropCompendium/BCSCropComp.nsf/id/sulcotrione.htm#

"surface water status" is the general expression of the status of a body of surface water, determined by the poorer of its ecological status and its chemical status.

"ecological status" is an expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters, classified in accordance with Annex V. of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), 60/2000/EC

"good surface water chemical status" means the chemical status required to meet the environmental objectives for surface waters established in Article 4(1)(a) of WFD (60/2000/EC) that is the chemical status achieved by a body of surface water in which concentrations of pollutants do not exceed the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and under Article 16(7), and under other relevant Community legislation setting environmental quality standards at Community level.

"good ecological potential" is the status of a heavily modified or an artificial body of water, so classified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex V. of Water Framework Directive (WFD), (60/2000/EC).

"good ecological status" is the status of a body of surface water, so classified in accordance with Annex V. of WFD (Water Framework Directive), 60/2000/EC

Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR), in its most basic form, could thus be considered a chemical enhancement to pump and treat. A chemical solution is pumped across a contaminated zone by introduction at an injection point and removal from an extraction point. To cover the entire contaminated zone, a number of injection and extraction wells are used; the well configuration is determined by the subsurface distribution of NAPL and the hydrogeologic properties of the aquifer.

SEAR is a source zone remediation technology. SEAR removes the residual phase contamination from which the dissolved phase plume is derived. Free phase contamination is typically removed by conventional pumping before SEAR is employed. SEAR does not have an immediate effect on the dissolved phase plume concentrations and is not a dissolved phase plume remediation technology. Removal of the source does however cause an intermediate and long-term reduction in dissolved phase contaminant concentrations.

Surfactants are unique chemical agents that greatly enhance the solubility of organic contaminants in aqueous media. They are also able to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT - that force existing where two fluids meet that keeps them as separate fluids) between the aqueous and organic phases to mobilize the organic phase. To illustrate the two mechanisms, we can use the familiar examples of the cleaning action of household cleaning detergents, which contain surfactants as a common constituent. We have witnessed surfactant-induced solubilization in the oily solution resulting from soaking oily pots and pans in dish detergent; we have observed a reduction in IFT from oil droplets or a sheen of oil coming off the pan due to the presence of a detergent. A surfactant flood can be designed to remove contaminants either primarily by solubilization or primarily by mobilization. Surfactant mobilization can remove more DNAPL in less time; however, there is greater risk of uncontrolled downward movement of DNAPL, as DNAPL is being physically displaced by the surfactant solution. Thus, to conduct a mobilization flood, it is necessary to have an aquitard as a barrier to prevent vertical DNAPL migration. It is important to identify from the outset whether solubilization or mobilization of DNAPL is desired, because not all surfactants can be used to conduct a mobilization flood.

The primary objective in SEAR design is to remove the maximum amount of contaminant with a minimum amount of chemicals and in minimal time while maintaining hydraulic control over the injected chemicals and contaminant. Each step in the design process must keep this in mind. Design challenges include precisely locating the DNAPL, finding the optimum surfactant solution for a given DNAPL composition and soil type, and fully characterizing the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, particularly the heterogeneities typically present in the subsurface environment. Because it is impossible to know with certainty the variations in aquifer properties over the treatment zone, numerical modeling tools are used to simulate how the system may respond in the presence of these unknown factors. Numerical modeling is also necessary to understand the dynamics of the flooding process under the hydrogeologic conditions at the site. SEAR has been acknowledged to be a promising, innovative technology for the removal of DNAPLs primarily because of the history of the use of surfactant-enhanced oil recovery by the petroleum industry.

Source: http://www.cpge.utexas.edu/ee/sear.html

a systematic collection of information or data. A survey can be conducted to collect information from a group of people or from the environment. Surveys of a group of people can be conducted by telephone, by mail, or in person. Some surveys are done by interviewing a group of special people.

Environmental survey is data collection about an area, a catchment, about ecosystems and ecosystem members, about contamination at a site or the integrated collection of many different information.

Streghts, Weeknesses, Opportunities, Threats. Methodology for descriptive evaluation of new technologies, processes, methods, projects or businesses. It is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or business. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieving that objective.

the group or recognizable pattern of symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular trait or disease.

a biologic response to multiple substances where one substance worsens the effect of another substance. The combined effect of the substances acting together is greater than the sum of the effects of the substances acting by themselves.

See also additive effect and antagonistic effect.