Lexikon

a starter culture is a microbiological culture which actually performs a biotechnological process (fermentation). These starters usually consist of a cultivation medium, colonized by the microorganisms used in the biotechnology.

in chromatography, the porous solid or liquid phase through which an introduced sample passes. The different affinities the stationary phase has for a sample allow the components in the sample to be separated or resolved.

a branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, reviewing, summarizing, and interpreting data or information. Statistics are used to determine whether differences between study groups are meaningful.

unceasing prolonged noise, without interruption.

unceasing prolonged noise, without interruption. It is a constant noise, when the deviation in the decibel is not more than 5 dB.

steam heating of the soil is one specific method where soil or solid wastes are heated by means of stream and is a category within the umbrella term of “thermally enhanced recovery”. It mens the enhanced recovery of volatile or volatilized contaminants from contaminated soil. I can be applied ex situ or in situ.

Sewage Treatment Plant

Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (SAICM) adopted on 6 February 2006 in Dubai.

SAICM supports the achievement of the goal agreed at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health.

Source: http://www.saicm.org/index.php?ql=h&content=home

a Streckeinsen or QAPF diagram is a double triangle diagram used to classify igneous rock based on mineralogic composition. The diagram is based on the fundamental work of many petrologists which was fully summarised by Strekeisen in 1973 and 1976. The QAPF diagram was completed and recommended by the International Union of Geological Sciences, IUGS. Geologists use it worldwide as a classification of igneous, especially plutonic igneous rocks. The QAPF by acronym, stands for "Quartz, Alkali feldspar, Plagioclase, Feldspathoid (Foid)". The mineral groups used for classification of igneous rocks are the following: Q = Quartz, A = Alkali feldspar, P = Plagioclase, F = Feldspathoid (Foid), M = Mafic (silicate mineral rich in magnesium and iron). Groups Q, A, P, F comprise the felsic minerals. The sum of Q+A+P+F+M must be 100%. However there can never be more than four non-zero values, as the minerals in groups Q and F are mutually exclusive i.e. if Q is present F must be absent and viceversa. The classification is divided into two parts: If mafic minerals (M) are less than 90% (M<90) the rock is classified according to its felsic minerals in the QAPF double triangle diagram. The basic idea of classification is that minerals belonging to the Q and F mineral groups do not occur simultaneously as primary minerals in the same igneous rock, because the SiO2 surplus in the melt reacts with the Feldspathoids resulting feldspars. For this reason maximum three of the Q, A, P, F mineral groups may occur in an igneous rock type. If mafic minerals make up more than 90% of the rock composition (M≥90), it is an ultramafic rock and it is classified according to its mafic minerals. In this case two triangle diagrams are used (olivine–orthopiroxene–clinopyroxene, olivine–pyroxene–amphibole).

a change in chromosome structure detectable by microscopic examination of the metaphase stage of cell division, observed as deletions and fragments, intrachanges or interchanges. This fenomenon used in genotoxicity tests, where the experimental unit is the cell, and therefore the percentage of cells with structural chromosome aberration(s) should be evaluated. Different types of structural chromosome aberrationsshould be listed with their numbers and frequencies for experimental and control cultures.

sound that travels over at least part of its path by means of the vibration of a solid structure.

the area of land from which all surface run-off flows through a series of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes to a particular point in a water course (normally a lake or a river confluence).

The information required to identify a substance is defined in Annex VI, 2, of REACH, and is reproduced in the table below.

If it is not technically possible, or does not appear scientifically necessary to provide certain information, the reasons should be stated.

If you are involved in a joint registration, it is very important that you have agreed ‘sameness’ of your substances, and the information you each provide here should support this. There is no legal definition of "sameness" but any inconsistencies identified by ECHA or MSCAs that suggest your substances are significantly different could lead to requests for further information, or rejection of registration dossiers.

ECHA Technical Guidance: Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH 

Source: http://www.reach-serv.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=64

A SIEF is a forum, formed after the pre-registration phase, to share data on a given phase-in substance.
The principal aims of a SIEF are to:
i) facilitate data sharing for the purposes of registration
ii) agree on the classification and labelling of the substance where there is a difference of interpretation between the potential registrants. Source: REACH Glossary.

data sharing is one of the core principles in the REACH Regulation. By submitting dossiers jointly and sharing information on substances, companies increase the efficiency of the registration system, reduce costs and avoid unnecessary testing on vertebrate animals.

A potential registrant can choose to request data which does not involve testing on vertebrate animals. However, the potential registrant must request data which involves testing on vertebrate animals.

Indeed, studies involving testing on vertebrate animals have to be shared in any case.

This means that new studies involving vertebrate animals can only be conducted if the data cannot be generated by any other means. This principle is valid for both phase-in and non- phase-in substances.

Source: http://echa.europa.eu/datasharing_en.asp

sub-surface water, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely associated with surface water groundwater and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer sometimes called "fossil water".

Subsurface waters are generally polluted from the unsaturated soil layer beyond. Pipelines, underground containers, surface land-uses are the most frequent pollution sources. The contaminants in the subsurface waters may naturally attenuate due to dilution, chemical reactions or biodegradation. As the redoxpotential in the subsurface waters is relative low anoxic or anaerobic conditions, the biodegradation of pollutants is generally low, needs some enhancement by engineering/biotechnological tools to increase efficiency.

remediation technology for contaminated soil and groundwater, an innovative version of pump and treat technology applying a sugar, a cyclodextrin (hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin) for the enhancement of the solubility of organic contaminants. It was developed in the USA and applied with success for remediation of military sites contaminated by e.g. trichloroethylene. Injecting the cyclodextrin solution into the injection wells, the ground water containing the contaminant in enhanced concentration is extracted from the extraction wells and treated by activated carbon or by distillation. The regenerated cyclodextrin solution is re-injected into the ground water. (see MOKKA database sheet No. 183) Further literature: Boving, T.B. and Brusseau, M.L. (2000) Solubilization and removal of residual trichloroethene from porous media: comparison of several solubilization agents. J. Contam. Hydrol., 42(1), 51-67; Boving, T.B., Barnett, S.M., Perez, G., Blanford, W.J. and McCray, J.E. (2007) remediation with cyclodextrin: recovery of the remedial agent by membrane filtration. Remed. J., 17, 21-36.

Sulcotrione is a foliar herbicide. Its mode of action is the Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (4-HPPD).

Common name (ISO): Sulcotrione
Chemical name (IUPAC): 2-(2-chloro-4-mesylbenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione
Chemical name (CA): 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)-benzoyl]-
CIPAC No: 723; CAS No: 99105-77-8;
Minimum purity: 950 g/kg (on a dry weight basis)
Molecular formula:: C14 H13 Cl O5 S
Identity of relevant impurities (of toxicological, ecotoxicological and/or environmental concern)
Hydrogen cyanide: maximum content 80 mg/kg on a dry weight basis
Toluene: maximum content 4 g/kg on a dry weight basis.
Molecular mass: 328.77 g/mol

The Standing Committee of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH AND CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting on 28 October 2008 decidedon the inclusion of sulcotrione in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC (the placing of plant protection products on the market).

The following reference values have been finalised as part of the re-evaluation:
ADI: 0.0004 mg/kg bw/day
ARfD: not allocated, not necessary
AOEL: 0.0006 mg/kg bw/day.

Complete characterisation:

General status:

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Degradation:

Soil adsorption and mobility:

Key metabolites:

Other known metabolites:

ECOTOXICOLOGY

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General:

Health issues: skin sensitiser, potential kidney and liver toxicant, may cause eye damage

Handling issues:

Sources:

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Reports/600.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list_sulcotrione.pdf

http://compendium.bayercropscience.com/BAYER/CropScience/CropCompendium/BCSCropComp.nsf/id/sulcotrione.htm#

"surface water status" is the general expression of the status of a body of surface water, determined by the poorer of its ecological status and its chemical status.

"ecological status" is an expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters, classified in accordance with Annex V. of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), 60/2000/EC

"good surface water chemical status" means the chemical status required to meet the environmental objectives for surface waters established in Article 4(1)(a) of WFD (60/2000/EC) that is the chemical status achieved by a body of surface water in which concentrations of pollutants do not exceed the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and under Article 16(7), and under other relevant Community legislation setting environmental quality standards at Community level.

"good ecological potential" is the status of a heavily modified or an artificial body of water, so classified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex V. of Water Framework Directive (WFD), (60/2000/EC).

"good ecological status" is the status of a body of surface water, so classified in accordance with Annex V. of WFD (Water Framework Directive), 60/2000/EC

Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR), in its most basic form, could thus be considered a chemical enhancement to pump and treat. A chemical solution is pumped across a contaminated zone by introduction at an injection point and removal from an extraction point. To cover the entire contaminated zone, a number of injection and extraction wells are used; the well configuration is determined by the subsurface distribution of NAPL and the hydrogeologic properties of the aquifer.

SEAR is a source zone remediation technology. SEAR removes the residual phase contamination from which the dissolved phase plume is derived. Free phase contamination is typically removed by conventional pumping before SEAR is employed. SEAR does not have an immediate effect on the dissolved phase plume concentrations and is not a dissolved phase plume remediation technology. Removal of the source does however cause an intermediate and long-term reduction in dissolved phase contaminant concentrations.

Surfactants are unique chemical agents that greatly enhance the solubility of organic contaminants in aqueous media. They are also able to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT - that force existing where two fluids meet that keeps them as separate fluids) between the aqueous and organic phases to mobilize the organic phase. To illustrate the two mechanisms, we can use the familiar examples of the cleaning action of household cleaning detergents, which contain surfactants as a common constituent. We have witnessed surfactant-induced solubilization in the oily solution resulting from soaking oily pots and pans in dish detergent; we have observed a reduction in IFT from oil droplets or a sheen of oil coming off the pan due to the presence of a detergent. A surfactant flood can be designed to remove contaminants either primarily by solubilization or primarily by mobilization. Surfactant mobilization can remove more DNAPL in less time; however, there is greater risk of uncontrolled downward movement of DNAPL, as DNAPL is being physically displaced by the surfactant solution. Thus, to conduct a mobilization flood, it is necessary to have an aquitard as a barrier to prevent vertical DNAPL migration. It is important to identify from the outset whether solubilization or mobilization of DNAPL is desired, because not all surfactants can be used to conduct a mobilization flood.

The primary objective in SEAR design is to remove the maximum amount of contaminant with a minimum amount of chemicals and in minimal time while maintaining hydraulic control over the injected chemicals and contaminant. Each step in the design process must keep this in mind. Design challenges include precisely locating the DNAPL, finding the optimum surfactant solution for a given DNAPL composition and soil type, and fully characterizing the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, particularly the heterogeneities typically present in the subsurface environment. Because it is impossible to know with certainty the variations in aquifer properties over the treatment zone, numerical modeling tools are used to simulate how the system may respond in the presence of these unknown factors. Numerical modeling is also necessary to understand the dynamics of the flooding process under the hydrogeologic conditions at the site. SEAR has been acknowledged to be a promising, innovative technology for the removal of DNAPLs primarily because of the history of the use of surfactant-enhanced oil recovery by the petroleum industry.

Source: http://www.cpge.utexas.edu/ee/sear.html

a systematic collection of information or data. A survey can be conducted to collect information from a group of people or from the environment. Surveys of a group of people can be conducted by telephone, by mail, or in person. Some surveys are done by interviewing a group of special people.

Environmental survey is data collection about an area, a catchment, about ecosystems and ecosystem members, about contamination at a site or the integrated collection of many different information.