Lexikon | Mokka lexikon

801 - 850 / 2263 megjelenítése

1 | 2 | 6 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z

estradiol equivalent

environmental toxicologycal measuring unit, expressing the total estrogenic effect of a chemical substance or environmental sample compared to 17-β-estradiol, expressed in the concentration of 17-β-estradiol (E2) with similar estrogenic effect. Symbol: EEQ (estradiol equivalent), measuring unit: ng E2/L

estuary

ETPH

extractable Total petroleum hydrocarbons, in other name extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH) or diesel oil Range Organics (DRO). The contaminated soil is extracted by organic solvent usually e.g. by hexane and after purification the extract is measured by gas chromatography.

EU dangerous substances directive

see 67/548/EEC dangerous substance directive

EU directive on classification, packaging and labelling

see 2001/59/EC directive on classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances

EU directive on classification, packaging and labelling of substances

see 1999/45/EC directive on classification, packaging, labelling

EU leagl background: air pollution

air pollution in Europe is regulated by several policies, which are targeting the various types - and sources - of pollutants. Also, in 2005 the Commission proposed a thematic strategy for reducing the number of deaths linked to air pollution by 40% (of 2000 levels) by 2020.

The European policies are enlisted in the followings with active links.

AIR QUALITY

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

LAND MOTOR VEHICLES

OTHER VEHICLES

INDUSTRY

EU legislation: chemical substances and products

the action undertaken by the European Community in the field of chemical products is part of an ongoing process launched a long time ago. The first Directive, which is concerned with the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, dates back to 1967. The REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals) Regulation, adopted at the end of 2006, establishes an enhanced framework which aims to guarantee the free movement of chemical products and the protection of human health and the environment.

Source: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/chemical_products/index_en.htm

EU legislation: general environmental legislation

the Sixth Environment Action Programme, which was adopted in July 2002, sets out the EU's priorities for the period to 2010. Four areas are singled out for priority action: climate change, nature and biodiversity, the environment and health, and the management of natural resources and waste. EU environment policy is guided by the precautionary principle and the "polluter pays" principle. Various institutional, financial and management instruments are available to ensure that it is implemented effectively. The involvement of the general public is also a key part of environment policy.

POLICY FRAMEWORK
TRANSVERSAL POLICY OBJECTIVES
ORGANISATIONS AND AGENCIES
- European Environment Agency
- Scientific Committees for consumer safety, public health and the environment
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
- General Obligations
- Management instruments
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
APPLICATION AND CONTROL OF COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Source: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/general_provisions/index_en.htm

EU legislation: noise pollution

noise above a certain volume threshold (from 60 Ldn dB(A) according to the European Environment Agency) affects not only wellbeing, but also the health of citizens. On top of the corrective measures applicable to some sources of noise, in 2002 the European Union adopted a Directive setting out a Community approach to the management and evaluation of ambient noise in order to protect public health.

GENERAL FRAMEWORK
- Assessment and management of environmental noise
- Action against noise: Green Paper
SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION

Source: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/index_en.htm

EU legislation: protection of nature and biodiversity

increased urbanisation and the spread of human infrastructures, over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution are the main factors, which highly damage biodiversity. Introduction of exotic species into the native ecosystems pose also a hazard. As a result, 42% of mammals, 15% of birds and 52% of freshwater fish across Europe are under threat. In addition, nearly 1000 plant species are at serious risk or on the verge of disappearing completely. In order to safeguard biodiversity and combat the extinction of animal and plant species, the European Union has set up a vast network of protected sites (the Natura 2000 network) and made the protection of biodiversity one of the key objectives of the Sixth Environment Action Programme.

Source: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/nature_and_biodiversity/index_en.ht

EU legislation: waste management

Every year, some 2 billion tonnes of waste - including particularly hazardous waste - are produced in the Member States, and this figure is rising steadily. The best solution is, as always, to prevent the production of such waste, reintroducing it into the product cycle by recycling its components where there are ecologically and economically viable methods of doing so. The European legal background is presented in the followings with active links.

EU legislation: water protection

Some 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by seas and oceans, and these produce almost three quarters of the oxygen we breathe. We can use directly only 1% of this water, however, and many forms of human activity put water resources under considerable pressure. Polluted water, whatever the source of the pollution, flows one way or another back into our natural surroundings – into the sea or water tables – from where it can have a harmful effect on human health and the environment. One of the most important pieces of legislation in this area is the Water Framework Directive.

EU regulation on shipment of waste

See 1013/2006/EC regulation on shipment of waste

EU regulation: soil protection

the items of EU legal background are enlisted in the followings and linked to the relevant pages of the EU-Lex portal:

EU waste directive

see 2006/12/EC waste directive

EU waste list

see 2000/532/EC commission decision on waste list

EU, European Union

the European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, the EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the European Communities. With over 500 million citizens, the EU combined generated an estimated 28% share (US$ 16.5 trillion) of the nominal and about 21% (US$14.8 trillion) of the PPP gross world product in 2009.
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Sixteen member states have adopted a common currency, the euro, constituting the Eurozone.
As an international organisation, the EU operates through a hybrid system of supranationalism and intergovernmentalism In certain areas, decisions are made through negotiation between member states, while in others, independent supranational institutions are responsible without a requirement for unanimity between member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by member states' citizens, to whom the citizenship of the European Union is assured.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community formed among six countries in 1951 and the Treaty of Rome formed in 1957 by the same states. Since then, the EU has grown in size through enlargement, and in power through the addition of policy areas to its remit.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

EU-OSHA

the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) was set up in 1996 in Bilbao, Spain. Its mission is "to make Europe's workplaces safer, healthier and more productive. This is done by bringing together and sharing knowledge and information, to promote a culture of risk prevention".

The Agency has a staff of occupational safety and health (OSH), communication and administrative specialists. At the national level, it is represented through a network of focal points, which are usually the lead OSH bodies in the individual Member States.

The European Risk observatory was set up in 2005 as an integral part of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Demographic changes and developments in the organisation of work and production methods are generating new types of risks to workers’ safety and health. The Risk Observatory aims to identify new and emerging risks and to promote early preventive action. It describes trends and underlying factors and anticipates changes in the working environment and their likely consequences to health and safety.

EU-OSHA also publishes a monthly newsletter OSHmail, which deals with occupational health and safety topics.

EU-projects in aid of modern environmental management Yvonne Spira

In a modern Europe, efficient environmental management has to cover topics like sustainability and innovation, if future European industries and services want to be globally competitive. This has been recognized by the European Commission and was consecutively addressed in the 5^th 6^th and 7th Environmental Action Programmes. These Programmes have led to numerous activities and projects in the past and have considerably influenced today’s views on efficient environmental management. In order to understand the progress already made, past developments and the current situation shall be described for the field of contaminated land management. The following overview is meant to cover some relevant initiatives in a non-exhaustive way.
The topic of sustainability has come into focus in the 1990’s, and it was the title of the 5^th Environmental Action Programme, which was approved in 1993. One year later, in 1994, the COMMON FORUM was initiated with the general objectives to develop strategies for the management and treatment of contaminated sites and for land recycling with respect to “sustainable resource protection" for contaminated land and groundwater. Today the COMMON FORUM is recognized as representing the European regulatory and policymaking community and it contributes to the EU soil protection policy. In 1996, the COMMON FORUM initiated the EC funded project CARACAS in order to improve existing scientific knowledge on contaminated land risk assessment, coming from a governmental perspective. At the same time, a complementing project called NICOLE approached from the industrial perspective. Today NICOLE is a leading forum on contaminated land management in Europe which promotes co-operation between industry, academia and service providers on the development and application of sustainable technologies in order to manage contaminated sites more efficiently and cost-effectively.
As an offspring of CARACAS, the CLARINET project developed between 1998 and 2001 technical recommendations for sound decision making concerning the rehabilitation of contaminated sites in Europe, and developed a network for exchange of information on available methods, technologies and policy approaches. Starting in 2003, the project EUGRIS was initiated to be the European web portal for groundwater and contaminated land information. Today EUGRIS is a comprehensive and overarching information and innovation resource, collaborating with related projects, networks and organizations.
In 2002, the Sixth Environment Action Programme was published which promotes full integration of environmental protection requirements into all community policies and actions and provides the environmental component of the community"s strategy for sustainable development. The link is made between environment and European objectives for growth, competitiveness and employment. In the 2004 published Environmental Technologies Action Plan ETAP, the importance of innovation for growth, competitiveness and employment is stressed. In order to deliver the ETAP and to support innovation on the market, the EC as main player for European development has launched ETV networks of testing centres. The related projects addressing the field of soil and groundwater remediation are PROMOTE and EURODEMO. The overall aim of PROMOTE is to set up an efficiency control and performance verification system for soil-groundwater protection and rehabilitation which shall enable faster market introduction of new and novel monitoring and remediation technologies. EURODEMO is a contact point for Europe regarding information on innovative remediation demonstrations in the field of soil and groundwater remediation. By consolidating knowledge and experience on a European scale, innovative remediation practice shall be improved. The European Forum on Eco-Innovation^¹, initiated by the EC, complements the ETV networks of testing centres. The European Forum on Eco-Innovation brings together business and policy perspectives in events that explore strategic orientations for eco-innovation and environmental technologies. Stakeholders are invited to debate and discuss relevant topics. Recommendations of the Forum provide suggestions for future action aimed at business and finance, as well as National and European policy makers.
Currently, there are other projects and initiatives supporting sustainability and innovation in fields related to contaminated soil and groundwater management. On an applied level, the NOWATECH project will contribute to ETV by providing four ETV test centres within the water technology sector. NOWATECH’s objective is to support the Nordic environmental technology industry in both the home market and the global market by giving access to accepted and comparable technology verification data.
As regards R&D funding, the SNOWMAN project has the objective to improve the coherence and coordination of research and innovation activities, making the European Research Agenda in the field of sustainable management of soil and groundwater contamination a reality. SNOWMAN has established a research programme and implemented a coordinated research call.
Starting as a polish RTD network in 2002, ENVITECH-NET works to integrate applied research with the needs of industry and to facilitate development of innovative environmental technologies. Its primary objective is to contribute to an effective implementation of the ETAP.
A broad environmental technology industry stakeholder network is EUCETSA, which has the mission to promote the international competitiveness of Europe"s environmental technology industry. Their activities aim at identifying the barriers to growth in order to propose solutions. Additionally, they promote awareness of commercial and environmental benefits of environmental technologies and strive to win general support for a favourable legislative and fiscal framework.
These past and present EC projects and existing stakeholder networks show that there is considerable interest in efficient environmental management. Due to coordinated efforts on European scale, relevant progress has been made on European and national levels to improve existing remediation practice. Currently, new developments are underway towards harmonizing and strengthening markets by raising confidence levels through verification measures. Besides these verification developments, a European demonstration network EURODEMO+, designed to connect and support national demonstration platforms in order to strengthen and improve demonstration practice across Europe, is currently in its design stage.
As the above described initiatives indicate, public and expert participation are essential components for such efforts to be successful and to deliver the targeted effects. Moreover, efforts on European scale need to be translated to national scales and into national frames in order to REACH the desired effect. Forrás: Yvonne Spira, EURODEMO

EU-TGD in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC

Technical Guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market.

This technical guidance document is presented in four separate parts:

PART I: PDF ZIP
- Chapter 1 General Introduction.
- Chapter 2 Risk Assessment for Human Health.

PART II: PDF ZIP
- Chapter 3 Environmental Risk Assessment.

PART III: PDF ZIP
- Chapter 4 Use of (Quantitative) Structure Activity Relationships (Q)SARs).
- Chapter 5 Use Categories.
- Chapter 6 Risk Assessment Report Format.

PART IV: PDF ZIP
- Chapter 7 Emission Scenario Document.

Leaflet: PDF

EUGRIS

European Groundwater and Contaminated Land Information System.

eukaryotes

a eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried. The presence of a nucleus gives eukaryotes their name, which comes from the Greek. Most eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and the Golgi apparatus. Almost all species of large organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi, although most species of eukaryotic protists are microorganisms.

Cell division in eukaryotes is different from that in organisms without a nucleus (prokaryotes). It involves separating the duplicated chromosomes, through movements directed by microtubules. There are two types of division processes. In mitosis, one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells. In meiosis, which is required in sexual reproduction, one diploid cell (having two instances of each chromosome, one from each parent) undergoes recombination of each pair of parental chromosomes, and then two stages of cell division, resulting in four haploid cells (gametes). Each gamete has just one complement of chromosomes, each a unique mix of the corresponding pair of parental chromosomes. (Wikipedia)

Eucariotic cells have the 1. fungi, including single-cell microfungi and yeasts, 2. plants, including algae and 3. animals, including protozoa.

EURODEMO Project

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA)

"Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job."

Central role of OSHA is to contribute to the improvement of working life in the European Union.

* Working with governments, employers and workers to promote a risk prevention culture.

* Analysing new scientific research and statistics on workplace risks.

* Anticipating new and emerging risks through our European Risk Observatory.

* Identifying and shareing information, good practice and advice with a wide range of audiences, such as social partners - employers’ federations and trade unions.

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

European Chemicals Agency as established by the REACH Regulation.

European Commission, EC

the European Commission is the EU's executive body. It represents and upholds the interests of Europe as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws. It manages the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies and spending EU funds. The Commission also makes sure that everyone abides by the European treaties and laws.

http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm

European Customs Inventory of Chemical Substances (ECICS)

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/
databases/ecics/index_en.htm

European Economic Area EEA

European Food Information Council (EFIC)

the website of EFIC says as a subtitle „guide for food safety&quality, and health&nutrition for a balanced diet and helathy lifestyle.

The European Food Information Council (EUFIC) is a non-profit organisation which provides science-based information on food safety & quality and health & nutrition to the media, health and nutrition professionals, educators and opinion leaders, in a way that consumers can understand.

In response to the public's increasing need for credible, science-based information on the nutritional quality and safety of foods, EUFIC's mission is to enhance the public's understanding of such issues and to raise consumers' awareness of the active role they play in safe food handling and choosing a well-balanced and healthy diet.

All information that EUFIC publishes has been subject to a review process by members of its Scientific Advisory Board (SAB). The SAB comprises a group of renowned experts from across Europe who advise EUFIC on its information and communication programmes, ensuring that all information is based on scientific evidence, relevance and is factually correct. Given the broad range of subjects addressed in EUFIC’s popular newsletter, Food Today, a dedicated Editorial Board for this publication provides additional insights and feedback.

With its main offices located in Brussels (Belgium), EUFIC counts on and liaises with a European network to enhance the impact and outreach of its communication instruments and programmes in other countries.

EUFIC actively participates in European initiatives together with the European Commission Directorate Generals for Research and for Health and Consumer Protection, where it contributes to a number of projects as dissemination partner.

EUFIC is supported by companies of the European food and drinks industries, and receives project funding from the European Commission. It is governed by a Board of Directors which is elected from member companies. Current EUFIC members are: Barilla, Cargill, Cereal Partners, Coca-Cola HBC, Coca-Cola, Danone, DSM Nutritional Products Europe Ltd., Ferrero, Kraft Foods, Louis Bonduelle Foundation, McCormick Foods, Mars, McDonald's, Nestlé, Novozymes, PepsiCo, Pfizer Animal Health, Südzucker, and Unilever.

Source: http://www.eufic.org/

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

European Medicine Agency (EMA)

the mission of the European Medicines Agency is to foster scientific excellence in the evaluation and supervision of medicines, for the benefit of public and animal health.

The European Medicines Agency is the European Union body responsible for coordinating the existing scientific resources put at its disposal by Member States for the evaluation, supervision and pharmacovigilance of medicinal products.

The Agency provides the Member States and the institutions of the EU the best-possible scientific advice on any question relating to the evaluation of the quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products for human or veterinary use referred to it in accordance with the provisions of EU legislation relating to medicinal products.

Principal activities of EMA

Working with the Member States and the European Commission as partners in a European medicines network, the European Medicines Agency:
provides independent, science-based recommendations on the quality, safety and efficacy of medicines, and on more general issues relevant to public and animal health that involve medicines;
applies efficient and transparent evaluation procedures to help bring new medicines to the market by means of a single, EU-wide marketing authorisation granted by the European Commission;
implements measures for continuously supervising the quality, safety and efficacy of authorised medicines to ensure that their benefits outweigh their risks;
provides scientific advice and incentives to stimulate the development and improve the availability of innovative new medicines;
recommends safe limits for residues of veterinary medicines used in food-producing animals, for the establishment of maximum residue limits by the European Commission;
involves representatives of patients, healthcare professionals and other stakeholders in its work, to facilitate dialogue on issues of common interest;
publishes impartial and comprehensible information about medicines and their use;
develops best practice for medicines evaluation and supervision in Europe, and contributes alongside the Member States and the European Commission to the harmonisation of regulatory standards at the international level.

Source: http://www.ema.europa.eu

European Medicines Agency (EMEA)

http://www.emea.europa.eu

European Standardisation Committee CEN

http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/homepage.htm

European Union (EU)

European Waste Catalogue and Hazardous Waste List, EWC code

EWC is the European Waste Catalogue, a list with all existing wastes in Europe.

The different types of waste in the list are fully defined by the six-digit code for the waste and the respective two-digit and four-digit chapter headings.

The two digit headings are the main groups of the wastes.

Chapters of the list: two-digit codes:
01 Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, dressing and further treatment of minerals and quarry
02 Wastes from agricultural, horticultural, hunting, fishing and aquacultural primary production, food preparation and
processing
03 Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper, cardboard, pulp, panels and furniture
04 Wastes from the leather, fur and textile industries
05 Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal
06 Wastes from inorganic chemical processes
07 Wastes from organic chemical processes
08 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply and use (MFSU) of coatings (paints, varnishes and vitreous
enamels), adhesives, sealants and printing inks
09 Wastes from the photographic industry
10 Inorganic wastes from thermal processes
11 Inorganic metal-containing wastes from metal treatment and the coating of metals, and non-ferrous hydrometallurgy
12 Wastes from shaping and surface treatment of metals and plastics
13 Oil wastes (except edible oils, 05 anbd 12)
14 Wastes from organic substances used as solvents (except 07 and 08)
15 Waste packaging; absorbents, wiping cloths, filter materials and protective clothing not otherwise specified
16 Wastes not otherwise specified in the list
17 Construction and demolition wastes (including road construction)
18 Wastes from human or animal health care and/or related research (except kitchen and restaurant wastes not arising
from immediate health care)
19 Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry
20 Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions.

European Waste Catalogue, EWC

EWC is the European Waste Catalogue, a list with all existing wastes in Europe.

The different types of waste in the list are fully defined by the six-digit code for the waste and the respective two-digit and four-digit chapter headings.

The two digit headings are the main groups of the wastes.

Europen Substance Information System (ESIS)

ESIS (European chemical substances Information System), is an IT System developed by the European Chemicals Bureau which provides you with information on chemicals, related to:
- EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial chemical substances),
- ELINCS (European List of Notified chemical substances),
- NLP (No-Longer polymers),
- HPVCs (High Production Volume Chemicals) and LPVCs (Low Production Volume Chemicals), including EU Producers/Importers lists,
- C&L (classification and labelling), risk and Safety Phrases, Danger etc...,
- IUCLID Chemical Data Sheets, IUCLID Export Files, OECD-IUCLID Export Files, EUSES Export Files,
- Priority Lists, risk Assessment process and tracking system in relation to Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 also known as existing substances Regulation (ESR).
(Source: REACH Glossary)

EUROTOX

Federation of European Toxicologists & European Societies of Toxicology.

European Society of Toxicology (EST) can be considered as the ancestor of EUROTOX. EST was established on a the scientific meeting in 1974 in Carlsbad. In the late seventies and early eighties national toxicology societies grew rapidly, both in number and in membership. Thus 14 national societies of toxicology − Finland, France, the German Federal Republic, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom − and EST decided to found the Federation of European Societies of Toxicology (FEST), which was done at the EST congress in Kuopio, 1985.

In 1989 EUROTOX integrated FEST and EST and further member nations joined. EUROTOX today consists of 31 national societies including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine and Serbia in addition to the previous ones.

EUROTOX aims to foster toxicology, both scientifically and educationally, in all countries of Europe. To this, EUROTOX organises an annual scientific congress, workshops, and postgraduate training courses. Specific activities are organised by the EUROTOX Speciality Sections.
EUROTOX is actively harmonising toxicology education and training, having established the European Register of Toxicologists in 1994.
It participates in the world-wide recognition of toxicologists as recently started under the auspices of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX).
EUROTOX honours annually a distinguished European toxicologist by its Merit Award. Important recent research contributions are honoured by inviting an outstanding toxicologist to present the Gerhard Zbinden Memorial Lecture at the annual congress.
Young toxicologists are encouraged by the annual Young Scientist Award, which is awarded every year to the best presentation at the EUROTOX Congress.
Finally, EUROTOX members (i.e., the individual members and all members of the affiliated national societies) are entitled to attend the scientific meetings at a reduced fee.

EUSES

EUSES is a decision-support instrument, which enables the user to calculate the risk for man and environment.

The TGD as well as all finalised emission scenario documents for chemical substances are included in EUSES 2.1. European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES).

USES is intended mainly for initial and refined risk assessments rather than comprehensive assessments. The system is fully described in the extensive EUSES documentation and is based on the EU Technical Guidance Documents (TGD) on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances, Existing Substances and Biocides. The new EUSES 2.1 version (2008) is an update of EUSES 2.0, containing all Emission Scenario Documents for biocides. The development of EUSES 2.1 was commissioned by the European Commission to the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) of The Netherlands. The work was supervised by an EU working group comprised of representatives of the JRC-European Chemicals Bureau, EU Member States and the European chemical industry. TSA Group Delft bv was responsible for programming the system.

The documentation can be downloaded here: EUSES 2.1 Documentation

The program can be downloaded (free of charge) here: EUSES 2.1 Installation

Training material on EUSES in general and the application of EUSES for the evaluation of biocides is available here.

eutrofication

evaluation

evaluation, REACH

evaluation of chemical substances

evident toxicity

evident toxicity is a general term in toxicity tests describing clear signs of toxicity following the administration of test.

EWC code of wastes

EWC = az European Waste Catalogue, a complete list of waste types in Europe.

See in detailsEuropean Waste Catalogue, EWC and 2000/532/EC commission decision on waste list

EWL

European Waste List.The 200/532/EC COMMISSION DECISION of 3 May 2000 adopted the list of wastes. Wastes classified as hazardous are considered to display one or more of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive 91/
689/EEC and, as regards H3 to H8, H10 (6) and H11 of that Annex, one or more of the following:
— flash point ≤ 55 °C,
— one or more substances classified (1) as very toxic at a total concentration ≥ 0,1 %,
— one or more substances classified as toxic at a total concentration ≥ 3 %,
— one or more substances classified as harmful at a total concentration ≥ 25 %,
— one or more corrosive substances classified as R35 at a total concentration ≥ 1 %,
— one or more corrosive substances classified as R34 at a total concentration ≥ 5 %,
— one or more irritant substances classified as R41 at a total concentration ≥ 10 %,
— one or more irritant substances classified as R36, R37, R38 at a total concentration ≥ 20 %,
— one or more substances known to be carcinogenic of category 1 or 2 at a total concentration ≥ 0,1 %,
— one or more substances toxic for reproduction of category 1 or 2 classified as R60, R61 at a total conc.≥ 0,5 %,
— one or more substances toxic for reproduction of category 3 classified as R62, R63 at a total concentration ≥ 5 %,
— one or more mutagenic substances of category 1 or 2 classified as R46 at a total concentration ≥ 0,1 %,
— one or more mutagenic substances of category 3 classified as R40 at a total concentration ≥ 1 %.

Chapters of the waste list:
01 Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, dressing and further treatment of minerals and quarry
02 Wastes from agricultural, horticultural, hunting, fishing and aquacultural primary production, food preparation and
processing
03 Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper, cardboard, pulp, panels and furniture
04 Wastes from the leather, fur and textile industries
05 Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal
06 Wastes from inorganic chemical processes
07 Wastes from organic chemical processes
08 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply and use (MFSU) of coatings (paints, varnishes and vitreous
enamels), adhesives, sealants and printing inks
09 Wastes from the photographic industry
10 Inorganic wastes from thermal processes
11 Inorganic metal-containing wastes from metal treatment and the coating of metals, and non-ferrous hydrometallurgy
12 Wastes from shaping and surface treatment of metals and plastics
13 Oil wastes (except edible oils, 05 and 12)
14 Wastes from organic substances used as solvents (except 07 and 08)
15 Waste packaging; absorbents, wiping cloths, filter materials and protective clothing not otherwise specified
16 Wastes not otherwise specified in the list
17 Construction and demolition wastes (including road construction)
18 Wastes from human or animal health care and/or related research (except kitchen and restaurant wastes not arising
from immediate health care)
19 Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry
20 Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions.

ex situ

ex situ bioremediation of soil and sediment in slurry reactor

ex situ groundwater treatment

also called pump and treat techology. pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or vacuum pump, and allowing the extracted groundwater to be treated by different water clean-up technologies such as air stripping, teratments based on photodegradation, biodegradation, chemical oxidation or reduction, precipitataion, sorption, etc. in order to eliminate contaminant from water. Technologies used for cleaning ground-water and other sub-surface waters are similar to waste-water and drinking-water treatment technologies. The treated water can be discharged into surface waters or canalisation accordig to its contaminant content. recycling into soil ot groundwater is also a technological option.

It is often difficult to REACH sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of partition between soil solid and liquid phases. For those contaminants which has low solubility in water and prefer sorption on solid phase, pump end treat technology has extremely low efficiency.

The partition between solid and water can be shifted toward water by heating, by the application of tensides, co-solvents or complexing agents, like cyclodextrins.

ex situ landfarming