Lexikon
sound is radiated both as air-borne and as structure-borne; most sources produce both, thus various noise attenuation principles must be employed. Measures include: the replacement of components with quieter parts and material; the enclosure of particularly noisy components; the selection of quieter types of fan; the replacement of noisy compressed-air nozzles with quieter types; the choice of quieter transmission and cooling systems.
mature erythrocyte that lacks ribosomes and can be distinguished from immature, polychromatic erythrocytes by stains selective for ribosomes.
a gel-based laboratory procedure that locates mRNA sequences on a gel that are complementary to a piece of DNA used as a probe.
nuclear transfer is a type of cloning, a laboratory procedure in which a cell's nucleus is removed and placed into an oocyte with its own nucleus removed so the genetic information from the donor nucleus controls the resulting cell. Such cells can be induced to form embryos. This process was used to create the cloned sheep "Dolly".
a subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA). Thousands of nucleotides are linked to form a DNA or RNA molecule.
the cellular organelle in eukaryotes that contains most of the genetic material.
a change in the number of chromosomes from the normal number characteristic of the animals utilized. Used for identifying potential genotoxic substances.
work-related accident. Occupational accidents that injure employees are the responsibility of the employer and are covered by Workers Compensation Insurance. In recent years, the term occupational accident has been expanded to include job-related long-term exposure to hazardous substances that result in occupational diseases, and such emotional injuries as nervous breakdowns and even heart attacks.
disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment, usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts.
A disease or an ailment caused due to excessive exposure of noxious fumes or substances in a working environment that are injurious to health. It includes asthma, poisoning due to use of pesticides, black lung disease among miners, lung cancer due to use of asbestos and other respiratory problems. Any employee who gets affected by disease or a disability under such condition is liable to receive compensation under the laws of workmen's compensation or any other related provision.
occupational environment is the physical surroundings and social environment at a workplace. The risk of occupational environment is 1−3 order of magnitude more than the risk of non-occupational environment.
occupational hazards − any condition of a job that can result in illness or injury − are summarized here: workplace hazard groups
occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment.
As a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers, nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics.
the occupational health and safety low, organisations and officiers promote health and safety procedures in an organisation. They recognize hazards and measure health and safety risks, set suitable safety controls in place, and give recommendations on avoiding accidents to management and employees in an organisation.
Since 1950, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health. It was adopted by the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its first session in 1950 and revised at its twelfth session in 1995. The definition reads: "Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job."
an accident at work is defined as an external, sudden, unexpected, unintended, during the execution of work or arising out of it, which may lead to an industrial injury and /or fatality and /or material and /or environmental damages.The accident is a preceding "event" while the resulting damage,be it injury, fatality, material or environmental damages are all consequences of this event.
Where the accidents involve multiple fatalities they are often referred to as industrial disasters.
An industrial injury is bodily damage resulting from working.
The most usual organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an average of 15 workers die from traumatic injuries each day in the United States, and an additional 200 workers are hospitalized.
Common causes of industrial injury are poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, inadequate safety training and clothing, jewellery or long hair that becomes tangled in machinery.
General hazards in a work environment include electricity, explosive materials, fire, flammable gases, heat, height, high pressure gases and liquids, hot gases and liquids, powerful or sharp moving machinery, oxygen-free gases or spaces, poisonous gases, radiation, toxic materials, work on, near or under water, work on, near or under weak or heavy structures.
There are many methods of preventing or reducing industrial injuries, including anticipation of problems by risk assessment, safety training, control banding, personal protective equipment safety guards, mechanisms on machinery, and safety barriers. In addition, past problems can be analyzed to find their root causes by using a technique called root cause analysis.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_injury
occupational safety means low risk at working environment, saftey physical and social conditions at a workplace.
occupational toxicology – sometimes also called industrial toxicology is dealing with (potential) toxic effects at workplaces on workers. Aim of occupational risk management to protect workers from physical agents and chemical substances and makes their work-environment safe. It means that it is closely related to environmental toxicology, but “environment” is restricted to the workplace: the air inside the industrial plant, the risk of dermal or eye contact of chemical substances being at work, as well as development of occupational diseases in association with the chemical substances used or produced in the technologies.
called also octane rating, a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock, measure of the ignition quality of gas (gasoline or petrol). octane numbers are based on a scale on which isooctane is 100 (minimal knock) and n-heptane is 0 (bad knock). A gasoline with an octane number of 98 has the same knock as a mixture of 98% isooctane and 2% n-heptane.
The number of odour units per unit of volume. The numeric value of the odour concentration, expressed in odour units ( E/ m3 ) equals the number of times that the air should be treated with odourless air to reach the odour threshold.
A standard for odour, expressed as a maximum concentration, which may not be crossed.
Odour treshold is the concentration of a gaseous substance, expressed in µg/m3, which will be discerned from odourless air by at least half of an odour panel. The odour threshold per definition has an odour concentration of 1 odour unit/ m3.
Serious odour nuisance is the degree of odour nuisance which exceeds the maximum admittable level for human health. Both health effects and personally experienced effects play a part here. In practise a level of odour nuisance is determined by questionnaires in which people can describe the degree of odour nuisance they have experienced.
our sensibility for the odour of a substance is expressed as a threshold value. This is the concentration of a substance in 1 m3 air that can be detected by half of the people that are present. This is considered the unit of odour.
Examples:
- Chloroform is detected when 130 molecules are present in a million molecules of air.
- Chlorophenols can already be detected when 3 molecules are present in a hundred billion molecules of air.
Humans can differ up to a factor of a hundred thousand in their sensibility for a certain substance.
Source: http://www.lenntech.com/odour-information.htm
n-3 fatty acids ω-3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids that have a double bond in the n-3 position; that is, the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
They are nutritionally important fatty acids including α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids. The synthesis of omega-3 fatty acids is very slow, or does not exist at all in human body, so that it is more effective to take it up directly from food.
a gene, one or more forms of which is associated with cancer. Many oncogenes are involved, directly or indirectly, in controlling the rate of cell growth.
a set of genes transcribed under the control of an operator gene.