Lexikon
the management of chemical substances and products during their whole life time, from design up to and including disposal at the end of their life, in such a way that all optimal balance is obtained between acceptable risk and maximum benefit for society in the short, medium and long-term.
a collective term for chlorinated derivatives of benzene, toluene, phenol, naphthalene and bi-phenyl and other compounds containing at least one benzene ring. Chlorinated aromatics are widely used as intermediates in the manufacture of medicines, agricultural chemicals and paints.
representation of the composition of a substance from the characteristic distribution of constituents in an analytical chromatogram.
Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICAD). Concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemical substances on human health and the environment; published by the IPCS (WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety).
classification and labelling includes the evaluation of the hazard of a substance or preparation in accordance with Directive 67/548/EEC (substances) and 1999/45/EC (preparations) and a communication of that hazard via the label.
Classification is the process in which a given substance or preparation is assigned one of the 15 categories of danger depending on their intrinsic properties in accordance with the criteria for specified in directive 67/548/EEC. If the substance is not found to be dangerous, according to the said criteria, then it is not classified. Under GHS the substance or preparation will be assigned to hazard classes.
This evaluation must be made for any substance or preparation manufactured, imported or placed on the EU market for any tonnage level.
The classification of the substance and preparations as being dangerous is based on one or several endpoints concerning physical-chemical properties, health or environmental effects.
- explosive substances and preparations
- oxidising substances and preparations
- extremely flammable substances and preparations
- highly flammable substances and preparations
- flammable substances and preparations
- very toxic substances and preparations
- toxic substances and preparations
- harmful substances and preparations
- corrosive substances and preparations
- irritant substances and preparations
- sensitising substances and preparations
- carcinogenic substances and preparations
- mutagenic substances and preparations
- substances and preparations which are toxic for reproduction
- substances and preparations which are dangerous for the environment
Under REACH, any manufacturer or importer of a substance (regardless of quantity) will be required to submit all its classifications to the Agency, to be included in the classification and labelling Inventory. Classifications must be submitted by 1 December 2010 if the substance is put on the market and is either classified as dangerous (no tonnage threshold) or subject to registration.
The classification has to be included in all registration dossiers.
Classifications should also be communicated in the notifications which are required for substances for research and development (PPORD) and substances in articles.
The classification and labelling inventory is a database maintained by the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) containing the classification of all substances submitted either in registration dossiers or in notification of classification and labelling, including in PPORD notifications. Information from this inventory, which includes substance name and classification and labelling is made publicly available in accordance with the provisions of Article 119 of the REACH Regulation.
Source: REACH Glossary, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:200:0001:0068:EN:PDF
The CLP Regulation (Classification, Labelling and Packaging) ensures that the hazards presented by chemicals are clearly communicated to workers and consumers in the European Union through classification and labelling of chemicals.
Before placing chemicals on the market, the industry must establish the potential risks to human health and the environment of such substances and mixtures, classifying them in line with the identified hazards. The hazardous chemicals also have to be labelled according to a standardised system so that workers and consumers know about their effects before they handle them.
As a result of this process, the hazards of chemicals are communicated through standard statements and pictograms on labels and safety data sheets. For example, when a supplier identifies a substance as "acute toxicity category 1 (oral)", the labelling will include the hazard statement "fatal if swallowed", the word "Danger" and a pictogram with a skull and crossbones.
The CLP Regulation entered into force in January 2009, and the method of classifying and labelling chemicals it introduced is based on the United Nations' Globally Harmonised System (GHS).
The Regulation replaces over time two previous pieces of legislation, the Dangerous Substances Directive and the Dangerous Preparations Directive. There is a transition period until 2015.
Source: http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/regulations/clp/understanding-clp
1999/45/EC directive on classification, packaging, labellingis the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 1999, concerning the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations.
classification is the process in which a given substance or preparation is assigned one of the 15 categories of danger depending on their intrinsic properties in accordance with the criteria for specified in directive 67/548/EEC. If the substance is not found to be dangerous, according to the said criteria, then it is not classified. Under GHS the substance or preparation will be assigned to hazard classes.
See also labelling of chemical substances and GHS.
(Source: REACH)
clinical toxicology is concerned with diseases and illnesses associated with short term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals. Forensic toxicology is based on the cause and effect relationships between exposure to a drug or chemical substance and the toxic or lethal effects that result in.
common technical specification is a technical specification drawn up in accordance with a procedure recognized by the Member States with a view to uniform application in all Member States and published in the Official Journal of the European Communities.
Source: Council Directive 93/38/EEC of 14 June 1993 coordinating the procurement procedures of entities operating in the water, energy, transport and telecommunications sectors.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0038:EN:HTML
under REACH "component" is an individual chemical substance in a mixture of chemicals or in a product.
Source: REACH
cosmetics and additives to cosmetics is an important group of chemicals substances because they directly effect human body, eye, skin or the metabolism, such as hormone and immune-system. The European Directive defines cosmetics as follows: a “cosmetic product” shall mean any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odors and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition. The products to be considered as cosmetic products within the meaning of this definition are listed in Annex I of the Directive. Other Annexes enlist coloring agents, preservatives and UV -filters, which can be applied. Cosmetic products containing chemical substances hazardous for health should be excluded from marketing. The lists of these substances are also given in different Annexes of the Directive.
Source: Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products (76/768/EEC): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0768:20080424:en:PDF
the European Directive defines cosmetics as follows: a “cosmetic product” shall mean any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and
external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.
The products to be considered as cosmetic products within the meaning of this definition are listed in Annex I of the Directive. Other Annexes enlist colouring agents, preservatives and UV -filters, ehich can be applied.
Cosmetic products containing chemical substances hazardous for health should be excluded from marketing. The list of these substances are also given in different Annexes of the Directive.
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1976L0768:20080424:en:PDF
it is a risk based target concentration for contaminated sites and contaminates soils. The Hungarian low requires the calculation of this target concentration in the remedial plan. The D-value is land-use specific.
desertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities;
Combating desertification includes activities which are part of the integrated development of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas for sustainable development which are aimed at:
- prevention and/or reduction of land degradation;
- rehabilitation of partly degraded land;
- reclamation of desertified land.
UNCCD, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa joins forces and actions all over the world.
See also: http://www.unccd.int/convention/text/convention.php
in analytical chemistry, the detection limit is the lower limit of detection, or LOD (limit of detection), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) within a stated confidence limit (generally 1%). The detection limit is estimated from the mean of the blank, the standard deviation of the blank and some confidence factor. Another consideration that affects the detection limit is the accuracy of the model used to predict concentration from the raw analytical signal.
There are a number of different "detection limits" that are commonly used. These include the instrument detection limit (IDL), the method detection limit (MDL), the practical quantification limit (PQL), and the limit of quantification (LOQ). Even when the same terminology is used, there can be differences in the LOD according to nuances of what definition is used and what type of noise contributes to the measurement and calibration.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_limit
the aim of dietetics is topromote good health through proper eating. The dietitian supervise the preparation and service of food, develop modified diets, participate in research, and educate individuals and groups on good nutritional habits. In a medical setting, a dietitian may provide specific artificial nutritional needs to patients unable to consume food normally.
microinjection is a technique for introducing a solution of DNA into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet.
biotechnology is the use of biological knowledge for the development of industrial processes, and the production of useful organisms and their products. The manipulation of DNA has led to a range of applications of modern biotechnology techniques. Techniques such as recombinant DNA technology and DNA identification are applied particularly in agriculture and environmental conservation.
In the following we summarise the applications of DNA technology used in natural conservation
Diagnosis:
- DNA profiles to protect animals in wild
- captive breeding programs
Curing:
- control of feral pests
- bioremediation
see omega-3 fatty acids
the radiation dose is the amount of energy from radiation that is actually absorbed by the body. This is not the same as measurements of the amount of radiation in the environment.
the amount of a substance to which a person is exposed over some time period. Dose is a measurement of exposure. Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil. In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect. An "exposure dose" is how much of a substance is encountered in the environment. An "absorbed dose" is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.
the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances, EINECS: these are substances, excluding polymers, that were commercially available in the EU from 1 January 1971 to 18 September 1981. These were considered registered registered under Article 8(1) of directive 67/548/EEC, dangerous substance directive The identifying number of these substances is called the EINECS number.
European List of Notified Chemical Substances, ELINCS: these are substances that became commercially available after 18 September 1981. The identifying number of these substances is called the ELINCS number.
The "No-longer Polymers" list, NLP-list: the definition of polymers was changed in April, 1992 with the result that substances previously considered to be polymers were no longer excluded from regulation. Consequently, a list, called the NLP-list, was made of such substances that were commercially available between after 18 September 1981 and 31 October 1993. The identifying number of these substances is called the NLP number.
the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.