Lexikon

sound is radiated both as air-borne and as structure-borne; most sources produce both, thus various noise attenuation principles must be employed. Measures include: the replacement of components with quieter parts and material; the enclosure of particularly noisy components; the selection of quieter types of fan; the replacement of noisy compressed-air nozzles with quieter types; the choice of quieter transmission and cooling systems.

mature erythrocyte that lacks ribosomes and can be distinguished from immature, polychromatic erythrocytes by stains selective for ribosomes.

nuclear transfer is a type of cloning, a laboratory procedure in which a cell's nucleus is removed and placed into an oocyte with its own nucleus removed so the genetic information from the donor nucleus controls the resulting cell. Such cells can be induced to form embryos. This process was used to create the cloned sheep "Dolly".

a subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA). Thousands of nucleotides are linked to form a DNA or RNA molecule.

the cellular organelle in eukaryotes that contains most of the genetic material.

a change in the number of chromosomes from the normal number characteristic of the animals utilized. Used for identifying potential genotoxic substances.

work-related accident. Occupational accidents that injure employees are the responsibility of the employer and are covered by Workers Compensation Insurance. In recent years, the term occupational accident has been expanded to include job-related long-term exposure to hazardous substances that result in occupational diseases, and such emotional injuries as nervous breakdowns and even heart attacks.

disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment, usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts.

A disease or an ailment caused due to excessive exposure of noxious fumes or substances in a working environment that are injurious to health. It includes asthma, poisoning due to use of pesticides, black lung disease among miners, lung cancer due to use of asbestos and other respiratory problems. Any employee who gets affected by disease or a disability under such condition is liable to receive compensation under the laws of workmen's compensation or any other related provision.

occupational environment is the physical surroundings and social environment at a workplace. The risk of occupational environment is 1−3 order of magnitude more than the risk of non-occupational environment.
occupational hazards − any condition of a job that can result in illness or injury − are summarized here: workplace hazard groups

occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment.

As a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers, nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics.

the occupational health and safety low, organisations and officiers promote health and safety procedures in an organisation. They recognize hazards and measure health and safety risks, set suitable safety controls in place, and give recommendations on avoiding accidents to management and employees in an organisation.

Since 1950, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health. It was adopted by the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its first session in 1950 and revised at its twelfth session in 1995. The definition reads: "Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job."

an accident at work is defined as an external, sudden, unexpected, unintended, during the execution of work or arising out of it, which may lead to an industrial injury and /or fatality and /or material and /or environmental damages.The accident is a preceding "event" while the resulting damage,be it injury, fatality, material or environmental damages are all consequences of this event.

Where the accidents involve multiple fatalities they are often referred to as industrial disasters.

An industrial injury is bodily damage resulting from working.

The most usual organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an average of 15 workers die from traumatic injuries each day in the United States, and an additional 200 workers are hospitalized.

Common causes of industrial injury are poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, inadequate safety training and clothing, jewellery or long hair that becomes tangled in machinery.

General hazards in a work environment include electricity, explosive materials, fire, flammable gases, heat, height, high pressure gases and liquids, hot gases and liquids, powerful or sharp moving machinery, oxygen-free gases or spaces, poisonous gases, radiation, toxic materials, work on, near or under water, work on, near or under weak or heavy structures.

There are many methods of preventing or reducing industrial injuries, including anticipation of problems by risk assessment, safety training, control banding, personal protective equipment safety guards, mechanisms on machinery, and safety barriers. In addition, past problems can be analyzed to find their root causes by using a technique called root cause analysis.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_injury

occupational safety means low risk at working environment, saftey physical and social conditions at a workplace.

occupational toxicology – sometimes also called industrial toxicology is dealing with (potential) toxic effects at workplaces on workers. Aim of occupational risk management to protect workers from physical agents and chemical substances and makes their work-environment safe. It means that it is closely related to environmental toxicology, but “environment” is restricted to the workplace: the air inside the industrial plant, the risk of dermal or eye contact of chemical substances being at work, as well as development of occupational diseases in association with the chemical substances used or produced in the technologies.

called also octane rating, a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock, measure of the ignition quality of gas (gasoline or petrol). octane numbers are based on a scale on which isooctane is 100 (minimal knock) and n-heptane is 0 (bad knock). A gasoline with an octane number of 98 has the same knock as a mixture of 98% isooctane and 2% n-heptane.

The number of odour units per unit of volume. The numeric value of the odour concentration, expressed in odour units ( E/ m³ ) equals the number of times that the air should be treated with odourless air to reach the odour threshold.

A standard for odour, expressed as a maximum concentration, which may not be crossed.

Odour treshold is the concentration of a gaseous substance, expressed in µg/m3, which will be discerned from odourless air by at least half of an odour panel. The odour threshold per definition has an odour concentration of 1 odour unit/ m³.

Serious odour nuisance is the degree of odour nuisance which exceeds the maximum admittable level for human health. Both health effects and personally experienced effects play a part here. In practise a level of odour nuisance is determined by questionnaires in which people can describe the degree of odour nuisance they have experienced.

n-3 fatty acids ω-3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids that have a double bond in the n-3 position; that is, the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.

They are nutritionally important fatty acids including α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids. The synthesis of omega-3 fatty acids is very slow, or does not exist at all in human body, so that it is more effective to take it up directly from food.

a gene, one or more forms of which is associated with cancer. Many oncogenes are involved, directly or indirectly, in controlling the rate of cell growth.

organic weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on weeds. Organic farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical tactics to manage weeds without synthetic herbicides.

Organic crop rotations frequently include weed-suppressive cover crops and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage weeds associated with a particular crop. Organic farmers strive to increase organic soil matter content, which can support microorganisms that destroy common weed seeds.

Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and reduce weed pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties, high-density planting, tight row spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage rapid crop germination.

Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms can be broadly grouped as

• Tillage - turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil amendments; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting;
• Cultivation - disturbing the soil after seeding;
• Mowing and cutting - removing top growth of weeds;
• Flame weeding and thermal weeding - using heat to kill weeds; and
• Mulching - blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic films, or landscape fabric.

Some naturally-sourced chemicals are allowed for herbicidal use. These include certain formulations of acetic acid (concentrated vinegar), corn gluten meal, and essential oils. A few selective bioherbicides based on fungal pathogens have also been developed. At this time, however, organic herbicides and bioherbicides play a minor role in the organic weed control toolbox.

Weeds can be controlled by grazing. For example, geese have been used successfully to weed a range of organic crops including cotton, strawberries, tobacco, and corn, reviving the practice of keeping cotton patch geese, common in the southern U.S. before the 1950s. Similarly, some rice farmers introduce ducks and fish to wet paddy fields to eat both weeds and insects.

the Pan-European Ecological Network (PEEN) is one of the implementation tools of the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS). PEEN aims to link the different European and national protected areas and ecological networks with goal of ensuring the favourable conservation status of Europe’s key ecosystems, habitats, species and landscapes.

Ecological network is a system of the most valuable sites, important for protection of threatened species, habitat types, ecological systems or landscapes. Ecological network sites must be relatively close to each other and connected with corridors, which allow them to communicate and exchange species.

Ecological networks contain four main elements:

1. Core areas: These are areas where the primary function is biodiversity conservation. They are usually legally protected under national or European legislation (e.g. Natura 2000 sites). These areas should provide a substantial representation of key natural or semi-natural ecosystems and contain viable populations of important or threatened species. Land use within these areas is managed to give priority to biodiversity conservation.

2. Corridors: These are areas of suitable habitat that provide functional linkages link between core areas. For example, they may stimulate or allow species migration between areas. Corridors can be continuous strips of land or ‘stepping stones’ that are patches of suitable habitat. Using corridors to improve ecological coherence is one of the most important tools in combating the fragmentation that is threatening so many of Europe’s habitats. Generally speaking corridors can be associated with higher levels of land use, as long as their function is maintained.

3. Buffer zones: Protected areas should not be considered as islands that are safe from negative external effects. The resource use that occurs outside them can have serious impacts on species and habitats within, for example air/water pollution from industrial activities around a protected area can have serious effects on species inside it. Buffer zones allow a smoother transition between core areas and surrounding land use. The size and utilisation of buffer zones depends heavily on the particular needs of the specific ecosystem and its local population.

4. Sustainable use areas: These are remaining areas that can come under more intensive land use. But they should still take full account of the successful provision of ecosystem goods and services.

Connecting organisations

• ECNC-http://www.ecnc.org
• IUCN Programme Office for Central Europe-http://www.iucn-ce.org
• Database of Central and Eastern European Ecological Networks
• Plantlife International - http://www.plantlife.org.uk/international/plantlife-ipas.html
• Council of Europe
• IUCN WCPA - http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/
• IUCN CEM - http://www.iucn.org/themes/cem/

Source: http://www.countdown2010.net/archive/paneuropean.html

Personal Computer

polychlorinated dibenzofurans, see polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans

Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are applied for passive in situ groundwater remediation. PRBs enable physical, chemical or biological in situ treatment of contaminated groundwater by means of reactive materials, which are filled into the permeable barrier, which the groundwater flows through. The reactive materials are placed in underground trenches or reactors downstream of the contamination plume, forcing it to flow through them. The two main types of PRBs are continuous reactive barriers enabling a flow through its full cross-section, and "funnel-and-gate" systems in which only special "gates" are permeable for the contaminated groundwater. Generally, this cost-effective clean-up technology impairs the environment much less than other methods, being a so called passive technology, without using energy (no pumping, no injection, no heating, minimal care on technolgy maintenance.