Lexikon

in Hungary there are 6 large landscapes, 35 medium-soze and 230 small landscapes and 6000 ecotops.

The six large landscapes are:
1. Great Plain
2. Northern Medium Mountains
3. Western Hungary
4. Transdanubia
5. Little Plain
6. Transdanubian Medium Mountains

Liquid Crystal Display)

a company which submits registration information to the Agency on behalf of other members of a joint registration. The information submitted by the lead registrant concerns classification and labelling, study summaries, test proposals and, if necessary, indication which of the information was reviewed by an assessor. If the members of the joint registration so decide, the lead registrant may also submit information on safe use and the CSR on behalf of the others. After the lead registrant submits the information, the other members of the joint registration submit the remaining information individually. (Source: REACH Glossary)

abbreviated as LOD, defined as the lowest concentration or quantity of analyte required to give a signal, which can be distinguished from the background noise. The signal to noise ratio of 3:1 is generally considered acceptable for estimating LOD.

limit of quantification (LOQ) is the lowest concentration, which can be determined with acceptable precision and accuracy. For determination of LOQ the precision and accuracy should be also quantified. It can be calculated from the standard deviation of the blank measurement and the slope of the calibration curve. Usually the LOQ is given as 10 times the background noise.

an extraction technique (LLE) in which one liquid is shaken with or contacted by an extraction solvent to transfer molecules of interest into the solvent phase. Typical sample preparation (concentration) method e.g. organic contaminants in water are extracted into an organic solvent to be measured by gas or liquid chromatography.

low-input agriculture: a system of farming methods that minimize reliance on expensive inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and other purchased materials by using these "inputs" as efficiently as possible, or by replacing them with inexpensive organic fertilizers, biological pest controls, and ecological knowledge. Organic farming is one type of low-input agriculture.

The information required regarding manufacture and use of a substance is defined in Annex VI, 3, of REACH. It includes:

• Estimated total quantity manufactured, used in articles (subject to registration), and/or imported in tonnes/year (per registrant) in the calendar year of registration;
• Brief description of the process used in manufacture or production of articles (where relevant);
• Tonnage used for registrant’s own use;
• Form (substance, preparation or article) and/or physical state in which the substance is provided to downstream users, including,
  • Concentration (range) in preparations;
  • Quantities in articles;
• General description of identified uses;
• Information on waste quantities and composition form manufacture, use in articles and other identified uses.
• Uses advised against.

Source: http://www.reach-serv.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=64

Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin

in the interests of clarity and rationality, the relevant EU Directives should be codified by assembling them in a single text.

The essential aim of any rules governing the production, distribution and use of medicinal products must be to safeguard public health. However, this objective must be attained by means which will not hinder the development of the pharmaceutical industry or trade in medicinal products within the Community.

also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum watery or runny. Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. its freezing point is −38.83 °C, boiling point 356.73 °C.

Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as cinnabar mercuric sulfide, which is the source of the red pigment vermilion, and is mostly obtained by reduction from cinnabar. Cinnabar is highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation of the dust. Mercury poisoning can also result from exposure to soluble forms of mercury such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury, inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with mercury.

Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, some electrical switches, and other scientific apparatus, though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favor of alcohol-filled, digital, or thermistor-based instruments. It remains in use in a number of other ways in scientific and scientific research applications, and in amalgam material for dental restoration. It is used in lighting: electricity passed through mercury vapor in a phosphor tube produces short-wave ultraviolet light which then causes the phosphor to fluoresce, making visible light.

Mercury in the environment is easily methylated by microorganisms. Methyl-mercury is highly toxic and volatile.

Fish and shellfish have a natural tendency to concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of methylmercury. Species of fish that are high on the food chain, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel, albacore tuna, and tilefish contain higher concentrations of mercury than others. As mercury and methylmercury are fat soluble, they primarily accumulate in the viscera, although they are also found throughout the muscle tissue. When this fish is consumed by a predator, the mercury level is accumulated. Since fish are less efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, fish-tissue concentrations increase over time. Thus species that are high on the food chain amass body burdens of mercury that can be ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification. Mercury poisoning happened this way in Minamata, Japan, now called Minamata disease. High fish consumption, mainly the consumption of predator-fishes, poses high risk to human.

It has low mobility and bioavailability under reductive conditions, such as in wetlands and bed-sediments of surface waters.

The metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The metamorphic rock is any rock derived from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical, chemical, and/or structural changes, essentially in the solid state, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure, shearing stress, and chemical environment .The metamorphic rocks can be derived from sedimentary, igneous or another older metamorphic rock after having been subjected to heat and pressure (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars) causing profound physical and/or chemical change. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and are classified and named by texture, by chemical and mineral assemblage and by the characteristics of the preexisting rock. The mineral compositition of the metamorphic rocks depends on the composition of the preexisting rock, according to which the metamorphic rocks are grouped as: ultramafic, mafic, pellitic (clayee), carbonate bearing, quartz and quartz-feldspar containing rocks. Most metamorphic rocks are named based on their texture and structural features, and their mineralogy. The first step in naming a metamorphic rock is to always identify whether the rock is foliated or non-foliated. Among the foliated textures, metamorphic rocks are further classified based on how the minerals within the parent rock are affected by the changes in temperature and pressure. In general terms, increases in temperature and pressure result in different, more complex textures, and different foliated metamorphic rocks: foliated (slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss) and non-foliated. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are usually named exclusively on the basis of mineral composition (hornfels, amphibolite, quartite). A close examination of the non-foliated rock will reveal the dominant one or two minerals within the rock. In some cases one may choose some prefix-type modifiers to attach to names to stress some important or unusual textural or mineralogical aspects. For example an “ortho”- prefix indicates an igneous parent, and a “para”- prefix indicates a sedimentary parent (orthogneiss, paragneiss). Metamorphic rocks are characterised by typical mineral assemblages according to the preexisting rock and the intensity of metamorphism. The intensity of metamorphism and the relevant metamorphic rocks are shown below:

• Very low intensity metamorphism (shale, metabasalt). Typical minerals: clay minerals, laumontite (zeolit), prehnite (zeolit).
• Low intensity metamorphism (serpentinite, chlorite shale, sericite shale). Typical minerals: sericit, pyrophyllite, chlorite.
• Medium intensity metamorphism (mica schist, marble). Typical minerals: mica, quartz, plagioclase, garnite, andalusite.
• High intensity metamorphism (eclogite, gneiss). Typical minerals: quartz, muscovite, biotite, plagioclase, kaliumfeldspar, sillimanite, staurolite.

microbially induced corrosion

microbial corrosion, also called microbially induced corrosion (MIC) is corrosion caused or promoted by microorganisms, usually chemoautotroph bacteria. It can apply to both metals and non-metallic materials.

alternatíve respiration of microorganisms under low or negative redoxpotential. The chlorine of the organochlorine compounds is used as an electron-acceptor during the respiration of the anaerobic soil microorganisms. The product of the chlorine-respiration is HCl, hydrochloric acid.

microbicides are chemical substances whose purpose is to kill microbes (such as bacteria, fungi or protozoa) or reduce their activity.

Microbocides can be antibiotics, bactericides, fungicides.

Antibiotics are antimicrobial compounds, used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa. It kills, or inhibits the growth of the microbes.

In the natural environment antibiotics are produced by microorganisms which are antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms. This natural inhibitory effect of antibiotics is copied by the synthetic antibiotics.

A bactericide is a substance that kills bacteria and, ideally, nothing else. Bactericides are either disinfectants, antiseptics or antibiotics.

Fungicides are chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals and human.