Lexikon
it is an external, sudden, unexpected, unintended event during the execution of industrial, mining, agricultural, transport, etc. activities which may lead to an industrial injury and damages in material , environment or man. The accident is a preceding "event" while the resulting damage, be it injury, fatality, material or environmental damages are all consequences of this event. Where the accidents involve multiple fatalities they are often referred to as industrial disasters
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/index/nace_all.html
the Industry Category indicates in which sectors of economy (including private household and public domain) the substance is used. This descriptor is based on the NACE system. (Source: REACH Glossary)
Specifically for the information requirements on inherent properties: The amount and type of information required is principally dependant on the tonnage threshold but can also be affected by other factors like its use and exposure characteristics. For substances manufactured or imported in quantities between 1 and 10 tonnes the specific information requirements can also be affected by whether the substance is classed as "phase-in".
The standard information requirements for each tonnage band are presented in Annexes VII to X of the Regulation. (Source: REACH Glossary)
see: IT
inoculant, substance used in the creation of an inoculation.
the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) is one of the seven scientific institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), of the European Commission. Its mission is to protect the interests and health of the consumer in the framework of EU legislation on chemicals, food and consumer products.
IHCP co-operates a number of policy domains which are relevant to consumer protection and health of European citizens. The most relevant areas are:
- Alternative Methods and ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods)
- GMOs
- Nanotechnology
- Consumer Products and Nutrition
- Health and Environment
In some of these areas IHCP operates Community Reference Laboratories or offices which coordinate a particular activity in collaboration with national laboratories in the European Union Member States. The two Community Reference Laboratories (CRL) are:
- The Community Reference Laboratory on Food Contact Materials (CRL-FCM) and
- The Community Reference Laboratory for GM Food and Feed (CRL-GMFF)
And the centres/officea are:
- The European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)
- The European Office for Wine, Alcoholic and Spirit Drinks (BEVABS)
Source: http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
the European Union defines the obligations with which industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollution potential must comply. It establishes a procedure for authorising these activities and sets minimum requirements to be included in all permits, particularly in terms of pollutants released. The aim is to prevent or reduce pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil, as well as the quantities of waste arising from industrial and agricultural installations, to ensure a high level of environmental protection.
Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control.
This Directive requires industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollution potential to have a permit. This permit can only be issued if certain environmental conditions are met, so that the companies themselves bear responsibility for preventing and reducing any pollution they may cause.
Integrated pollution prevention and control concerns new or existing industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollution potential, as defined in Annex I to the Directive (energy industries, production and processing of metals, mineral industry, chemical industry, waste management, livestock farming, etc.).
Source: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28045_en.htm
a philosophy that prescribes a code of practice for ensuring that environmental considerations for water resources are fully integrated into all stages of the development process in order to achieve a desirable balance between conservation and development. (Source: EUGRIS)
International Classification for Standards (ICS) is an international classification system for technical standards. It is designed to cover every economic sector and virtually every activity of the humankind where technical standards may be used.
Developed and maintained by the International Organization for Standardization, the ICS is intended to be a continuous work in progress and is updated when necessary. The latest edition of the ICS can be downloaded free of charge from the ISO web site.
Anyone may submit a proposal for modifications or additions to the ICS.
(Source: Wikipedia)
the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals.
Through the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), WHO works to establish the scientific basis for the sound management of chemicals, and to strengthen national capabilities and capacities for chemical safety.
Chemical safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to ensure the safety of human health and the environment. It covers all chemicals, natural and manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport, use and disposal.
See also: http://www.who.int/ipcs/en/
International Uniform Chemical Information Database, an IT tool of REACH and ECHA.
subterranean water in the pores of rocks, soils, and bottom sediments of oceans, seas, and lakes.
Two types of interstitial water are distinguished, according to the size of the enclosing interstices: macrocapillary and microcapillary. In interconnected macrocapillary pores, interstitial water moves easily by force of gravity; this is called free, or gravitational, water. Interstitial water in microcapillary pores, is influenced by the surface forces of mineral particles; it has the properties of bound water, which is separated by pressing out, centrifuging, or drawing out under a vacuum.
In the late 1960’s the term “interstitial water” came to be used primarily for water enclosed in microcapillaries; in marine geology this water is also called silt water. The water is present in all rocks and bottom sediments, but it is especially characteristic of clay rocks and sediments. Geological reserves of this water are significantly greater than reserves of free water. The interstitial water of the microcapillary pores is the medium in which the processes determining the mass exchange between hydrous and solid phases of rocks and sediments occur most intensively. For this reason, interstitial water is important in the history of subsurface water, the diagenesis of sediments, and the catagenesis of rocks. It affects the strength and behavior of rocks when engineering structures are erected.
an intrinsic property of a chemical substance is a characteristic of the substance which can be used to determine its fate or to identify potential hazards. In order to register a substance under REACH, the registrant must submit specific information about the intrinsic properties of the substance in each of the following areas:
- physical/chemical properties
- human toxicological information
- ecotoxicological information
Data on the intrinsic properties of a substance are categorised into endpoints. For instance, “carcinogenicity” is a human toxicological endpoint.(Source: REACH Glossary)
the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment.
Read more: http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/WCMS_111389/lang--en/index.htm
different systems of classification and labelling C&L of chemicals are currently used throughout the world. The same substance may be classified as “toxic” in the United States, “harmful” in the European Union and “not dangerous” in China. To eliminate these disparities and to reinforce protection for people and the environment in all countries, it was decided to develop a Globally Harmonised classification and labelling System GHS under the aegis of the United Nations. The GHS was formally adopted in 2002 by the United Nations Economic and Social Committee UN ECOSOC and revised in 2005 and 2007.
It aims to improve the communication on hazards for workers, consumers, emergency responders and in transport, via harmonised labels and where relevant, harmonised safety data sheets.
European Commission adopted in late 2008 the so called "CLP" regulation EC No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of hazardous substances and mixtures, which will replace in the medium term the current system.
This regulation takes into account the classification criteria and labelling rules of the GHS but it is also built on the 40 years of experience obtained through implementation of existing Community chemicals legislation.
Source: REACH, http://www.prc.cnrs-gif.fr/reach/en/classification.html
Animal experimentation is used for the development of new chemicals or medicines, for physiological studies, for studying environmental effects or for testing new food additives.The protection and welfare of animals is an area covered by a wide range of EU legislation. These include wildlife, zoo animals, farm animals, animals in transport and also animals used in scientific experiments. EU legislation on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes is covered by Directive 86/609/EEC.
The 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam obliges the EU and its Member States to take animal welfare considerations into account in a number of policy areas and also in the practice by developing and using alternatíve testing methods instead of animal experiments.
The most pragmatic approach to reduce experiments on animals is the replacement of animal testing. Whenever replacement is not possible, all efforts should be made to apply those methods which use fewer animals and which cause least harm to the animals.
The replacement may happen by in vitro methods, which use living cells or tissue cultures instead of animals or by the application of mathematical methods, like QSAR.
the lactose operon contains three structural genes that code for enzymes involved in lactose metabolism.
- lac z gene codes for β-galactosidase, an enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
- lac y gene codes for a permease, which is involved in uptake of lactose
- lac a gene codes for a galactose transacetylase.
These genes are transcribed from a common promoter into a polycistronic mRNA, which is translated to yield the three enzymes.