Lexikon

a group of carbon and hydrogen atoms that branch from the main carbon chain or ring in a hydrocarbon molecule. The simplest alkyl group, a methyl group, is a carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms.

an average or expected concentration of a substance l in a specific environment, or typical concentrations of substances that occur naturally in an environment.

an average or expected imission in the environment of an air polluting source.

discharge of pollutants into groundwater without percolation throughout the soil or subsoil.

the change over a period of time in the value (monetary and non-monetary) of goods and services and the ability and capacity to produce goods and services. It is economic growth which generates the wealth necessary to provide social services, health care, and education. It is the basis for ongoing job creation. However, sustainable development requires that there be a change in the nature of economic growth, to ensure that goods and services are produced by environmentally sound and economically sustainable processes. This will require efficient use of resources, value-added processing, sustained yield management of renewable resources, and the consideration and accounting of all externalities and side-effects involved in the extraction, processing, production, distribution, consumption and disposal of those goods.

air pollution in Europe is regulated by several policies, which are targeting the various types - and sources - of pollutants. Also, in 2005 the Commission proposed a thematic strategy for reducing the number of deaths linked to air pollution by 40% (of 2000 levels) by 2020.

The European policies are enlisted in the followings with active links.

• Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air
• National emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants
• Nitrogen dioxide
• Phaseout of CFCs in metered dose inhalers
• Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
• Protocol on Heavy Metals
• Elimination and minimisation of production, use and release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) resulting from the storage of petrol

also called pump and treat techology. pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or vacuum pump, and allowing the extracted groundwater to be treated by different water clean-up technologies such as air stripping, teratments based on photodegradation, biodegradation, chemical oxidation or reduction, precipitataion, sorption, etc. in order to eliminate contaminant from water. Technologies used for cleaning ground-water and other sub-surface waters are similar to waste-water and drinking-water treatment technologies. The treated water can be discharged into surface waters or canalisation accordig to its contaminant content. recycling into soil ot groundwater is also a technological option.

It is often difficult to REACH sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of partition between soil solid and liquid phases. For those contaminants which has low solubility in water and prefer sorption on solid phase, pump end treat technology has extremely low efficiency.

The partition between solid and water can be shifted toward water by heating, by the application of tensides, co-solvents or complexing agents, like cyclodextrins.

the status achieved by a surface water body when both its ecological status and its chemical status are at least "good".

GRO range consists of hydrocarbons containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms and includes aromatic compounds, alkanes, cycloalkanes and branched alkanes. Approximately 40% of the hydrocarbons in fresh petrol are monoaromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene (BTEX). The sum of GRO and DRO gives TPH.

all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

groundwater protection describes the management processes by which groundwater quality and resources are protected against pollution and over-exploitation. (Source: EUGRIS)

available groundwater resource is the long-term annual average rate of overall recharge of the body of groundwater less the long-term annual rate of flow required to achieve the ecological quality objectives for associated surface waters, to avoid any significant diminution in the ecological status of such waters and to avoid any significant damage to associated terrestrial ecosystems.

"groundwater status" is the general expression of the status of a body of groundwater, determined by the poorer of its quantitative status and its chemical status.

"good groundwater chemical status" is the chemical status of a body of groundwater, which meets all the conditions set out in table 2.3.2 of Annex V of Water Framework Directive (60/2000/EC).

is an expression of the degree to which a body of groundwater is affected by direct and indirect abstractions.

in tropical and subtropical latitudes, mangrove forests occur along sandy and silty coasts. Mangroves are trees with odd roots, some of which curve upward like snorkels to attain oxygen lacking in the mud, and some of which curve downward, serving as silts to support the tree in changing water levels. Fish, shelfish, crabs, snakes, and other organisms thrive among the root network, and bird feed and nest in the foliage of these coastal forests. Mangroves protect coastlines; studies after the 2004 South Asian tsunami indicated that coasts with intact mangrove forests suffered less damage than deforested coasts.

Mechanical hazards include:

By type of agent:

• Impact force: collisions, falls from height
• Struck by objects
• Confined space
• Slips and trips
• Falling on a pointed object
• Compressed air/high pressure fluids (such as cutting fluid)
• Entanglement
• Equipment-related injury

By type of damage:

• Crushing
• Cutting
• Friction and abrasion
• Shearing
• Stabbing and puncture

Other physical hazards:

• Noise
• Vibration
• Lighting
• Barotrauma (hypobaric/hyperbaric pressure)
• Ionizing radiation
• Electricity
• Asphyxiation
• Cold stress (hypothermia)
• Heat stress (hyperthermia)
• Dehydration (due to sweating)

Biological hazards include:

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Mold
• Blood-borne pathogens
• Tuberculosis

Chemical hazards include:

• Acids
• Bases
• Heavy metals
• Lead
• Solvents
• Petroleum
• Particulates
• Asbestos and other fine dust/fibrous materials
• Silica
• Fumes (noxious gases/vapors)
• Highly-reactive chemicals
• Fire, conflagration and explosion hazards:
• Explosion
• Deflagration
• Detonation
• Conflagration

Psychosocial issues include:

• Work-related stress, whose causal factors include excessive working time and overwork
• Violence from outside the organisation
• Bullying, which may include emotional and verbal abuse
• Sexual harassment
• Mobbing
• Burnout
• Exposure to unhealthy elements during meetings with business associates, e.g. tobacco, uncontrolled alcohol

Musculoskeletal disorders, avoided by the employment of good ergonomic design