Lexikon

EWC is the European Waste Catalogue, a list with all existing wastes in Europe.

The different types of waste in the list are fully defined by the six-digit code for the waste and the respective two-digit and four-digit chapter headings.

The two digit headings are the main groups of the wastes.

Chapters of the list: two-digit codes:
01 Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, dressing and further treatment of minerals and quarry
02 Wastes from agricultural, horticultural, hunting, fishing and aquacultural primary production, food preparation and
processing
03 Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper, cardboard, pulp, panels and furniture
04 Wastes from the leather, fur and textile industries
05 Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal
06 Wastes from inorganic chemical processes
07 Wastes from organic chemical processes
08 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply and use (MFSU) of coatings (paints, varnishes and vitreous
enamels), adhesives, sealants and printing inks
09 Wastes from the photographic industry
10 Inorganic wastes from thermal processes
11 Inorganic metal-containing wastes from metal treatment and the coating of metals, and non-ferrous hydrometallurgy
12 Wastes from shaping and surface treatment of metals and plastics
13 Oil wastes (except edible oils, 05 anbd 12)
14 Wastes from organic substances used as solvents (except 07 and 08)
15 Waste packaging; absorbents, wiping cloths, filter materials and protective clothing not otherwise specified
16 Wastes not otherwise specified in the list
17 Construction and demolition wastes (including road construction)
18 Wastes from human or animal health care and/or related research (except kitchen and restaurant wastes not arising
from immediate health care)
19 Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry
20 Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions.

See also 2000/532/EC commission decision on waste list

evaluation of chemical substances

evident toxicity is a general term in toxicity tests describing clear signs of toxicity following the administration of test.

EWC = az European Waste Catalogue, a complete list of waste types in Europe.

See in detailsEuropean Waste Catalogue, EWC and 2000/532/EC commission decision on waste list

explosive substances are in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic substances are included even when they do not evolve gases. Means a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances).

Source: REACH

The Exposure Information required for substances registered in the 1 to 10 tonne band is defined in Annex VI, 6, of REACH, and is given in the table below.

This information is required in place of the CSR which is required for substances in higher tonnage bands.

Source: http://www.reach-serv.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=64

set of conditions, including operational conditions and risk management measures, that describe how the substance is manufactured or used during its life-cycle and how the manufacturer or importer controls, or recommends downstream users to control exposure of humans and the environment. These exposure scenarios may cover one specific process or use or several processes or uses as appropriate. Source: REACH Glossary

method to separate components based on their relative solubilities (partition) in two different, immiscible solvents. In extraction" target="_blank">liquid/liquid extraction the solvent (usually organic) dissolves only the desired compounds from the sample solution (usually aqueous solution). In supercritical extraction the solvent is supercritical carbon dioxide. Soxhlet extraction is the tradional way for extracting solid samples, when the sample is connected with freshly boiled solvent in a special apparatus several times. The extraction of soild samples can be intensified by ultrasound (sonication assisted extraction, SAE) or elevated pressure and temperature (pressurized fluid extraction or accelerated fluid extraction, ASE). The solid phase extraction (SPE) is characterized by decreased sample and solvent need. Further miniaturization resulted in solid phase microextraction (SPME), stirbar+extraction and the membrane assisted extraction (MASE) techniques used for sample preparation for chromatography.

solvent extraction uses an organic solvent as an extractant to separate organic and metal contaminants from soil. The organic solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in an extraction unit. The extracted solution then is passed through a separator, where the contaminants and extractant are separated from the soil. Organically bound metals may be extracted along with the target organic contaminants.

solvent extraction from soil uses an organic solvent as an extractant to separate organic and metal contaminants from soil. The organic solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in an extraction unit. The extracted solution then is passed through a separator, where the contaminants and extractant are separated from the soil. Organically bound metals may be extracted along with the target organic contaminants.

eye corrosion is defined in OECD TG 405 as ”the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application”. In the EU, this effect is assigned “Xi”, and R41.

Eye irritation is defined in OECD TG 405 as “the production of changes in the eye following application of a test substance to the anterior surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application”.
In the EU this effect is assigned “Xi” and R36.

blanks are defined as matrices that have negligible or unmeasurable amounts of the substance of interest. Field blanks are prepared by transferring the analyte-free media from one vessel to another or by exposing the media to the sampling environment at the sampling site.

Capped and cleaned containers are taken to the sample collection site. Usually each sampling team should collect one field blank a day per collection apparatus; the field blank matrix should be comparable to the sample of interest.

For example a field blank water sample consist of deionized water that is carried to the sampling site and exposed to the air there so that any contamination from the air can be measured and accounted for.

Field reference sample is similar to field blanks except the bottles contain media of known analyte concentration. More costly, but have more informational content than field blank.

tools to estimate (and where possible control) the financial risks related to the management of land contamination problems (Source: EUGRIS)

the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (also known as the Stockholm Conference) was an international conference convened under United Nations auspices held in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5-16, 1972. It was the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues, and marked a turning point in the development of international environmental politics.

The conference was opened and addressed by the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme and secretary-general Kurt Waldheim to discuss the state of the global environment. Attended by the representatives of 113 countries, 19 inter-governmental agencies, and more than 400 inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations, it is widely recognized as the beginning of modern political and public awareness of global environmental problems.

The meeting agreed upon a Declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development; an Action Plan with 109 recommendations, and a Resolution.

The Conference paved the way for further understanding of global warming, which has led to such agreements as the Kyoto Protocol
Johannesburg Declaration
Habitat International Coalition, etc.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment

food toxicology aims safe and edible supply of food to the consumers. Measures the toxic effect of row material, products, food additives and residual substances in food, such plant protection products or food processing additives.

fracture zones and hot spots can be found in the litosphere, the rigid outer layer of Earth, beneath of oceans and continents.

Ain the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. The boundary between the lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation. There are two types of lithosphere: 1) oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with oceanic crust and exists in the ocean basins, 2) continental lithosphere, which is associated with continental crust. The composition of the two types of crust differs markedly, with basaltic rocks ("mafic") dominating oceanic crust, while continental crust consists principally of lower density granitic rocks ("felsic"). The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates. The following tectonic plates currently exist on the earth's surface with roughly definable boundaries. There are seven primary plates (African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indo-Australian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate) and some secondary smaller plates (Arabian-, Caribbean-, Cocos-, Scotia-, Adria-, Aegean-, Arab-, Iranian-, Nazca-, Philippine Sea -plates).These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: 1) convergent boundaries, at which two plates come together, (an example of such a boundary is the San Andreas fault in California) 2) divergent boundaries, at which two plates are pulled apart (the Atlantic Ocean was created by this process, the mid-Atlantic Ridge is an area where new sea floor is being created), and 3) transform boundaries, in which two plates slide past one another laterally. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries. The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates, and their motion is strongly coupled with patterns convection inside the Earth's mantle. An example of this is the Nazca plate being subducted under the South American plate to form the Andes Mountain Chain.

fracturing is a way to crack rock or very dense soil, like clay, below ground. It is not necessarily a cleanup method in itself. Rather, fracturing is used to break up the ground to help other cleanup methods work better. The cracks, which are called fractures, create paths through which harmful chemicals can be removed or destroyed.

Hydraulic fracturing uses a liquid?usually water. The water is pumped under pressure into holes drilled in the ground. The force of the water causes the soil (or sometimes rock) to crack. It also causes existing fractures to grow larger. To fracture soil at greater depths, sand is pumped underground with the water. The sand helps prop the fractures open and keep them from closing under the weight of the soil.

Pneumatic fracturing uses air, to fracture soil. It also can help remove chemicals that evaporate or change to gases quickly when exposed to air. When air is forced into the soil, the chemicals evaporate and the gases are captured and treated above ground.

Air can be forced into the ground at different depths within a hole. When air is forced near the ground surface, the surface around the holes may rise as much as an inch, but will settle back close to its original level. In both pneumatic and hydraulic fracturing, equipment placed underground directs the pressure to the particular zone of soil that needs to be fractured.

Blast-enhanced fracturing uses explosives, such as dynamite, to fracture rock. The explosives are placed in holes and detonated. The main purpose is to create more pathways for polluted groundwater to reach wells drilled for pump and treat cleanup.

Source: US-EPA, Clu-In: http://www.clu-in.org/techfocus/default.focus/sec/Fracturing/cat/Overview/