Lexikon
the aim of dietetics is topromote good health through proper eating. The dietitian supervise the preparation and service of food, develop modified diets, participate in research, and educate individuals and groups on good nutritional habits. In a medical setting, a dietitian may provide specific artificial nutritional needs to patients unable to consume food normally.
discharge of pollutants into groundwater without percolation throughout the soil or subsoil.
discharge according to 76/464/EGK regulation means the introduction into the waters referred to in paragraph 1 of any substances in List I or List II of the Annex, with the exception of:
- discharges of dredgings,
- operational discharges from ships in territorial waters,
- dumping from ships in territorial waters.
List I:
1. organohalogen compounds and substances which may form such compounds in the aquatic environment,
2. organophosphorus compounds,
3. organotin compounds,
4. substances in respect of which it has been proved that they possess carcinogenic properties in or via the aquatic environment
5. mercury and its compounds,
6. cadmium and its compounds,
7. persistent mineral oils and hydrocarbons of petroleum origin,
8. persistent synthetic substances which may float, remain in suspension or sink and which may interfere with any use of the waters.
List II:
1. The following metalloids and metals and their compounds: Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Te, Ti, Tl, U, V, Zn,
2. Biocides and their derivatives not appearing in List I.
3. Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and/or smell of the products for human consumption derived from the aquatic environment,
and compounds liable to give rise to such substances in water.
4. Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon, and substances which may give rise to such compounds in water, excluding those which are biologically harmless or are rapidly converted in water into harmless substances. (1)Where certain substances in list II are carcinogenic, they are included in category 4 of this list.
5. Inorganic compounds of phosphorus and elemental phosphorus.
6. Non persistent mineral oils and hydrocarbons of petroleum origin.
7. Cyanides, fluorides.
8. Substances which have an adverse effect on the oxygen balance, particularly : ammonia, nitrites.
Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31976L0464:EN:HTML
disinfectants are used against harmful bacteria and fungi. From the chemical point of view disinfectants belong to strong oxidizers or reductants, acidic or alkaline substances, solvents or surfactants. Most widely used chemical substances are the followings: active chlorine containing compounds, such as hypochlorites, chloramines, chlorine dioxide etc.);
active oxygen containing substances, such as peroxides, persulfates, perborates; strong oxidizers, such as ozone and permanganate solutions; iodine (Betadine); alcohols, most frequently 70% ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, phenolic substances such as pure phenol, cresols hexachlorophene, pentachlorophenol. Surfactants, such as some quaternary ammonium cations or chlorhexidine, can also be used as disinfectants. The use of heavy metals, such as silver, mercury and copper is restricted due to their environmental and human hazard. Concentrated strong acids (phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, amidosulfuric, toluenesulfonic acids) and alkalis (sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides),
such as of pH < 1 or > 13, particularly under elevated temperature (above 60°C), effectively kills bacteria and other microbes.
DMU is a concept that allows the description of a product, usually in 3D, for its entire life cycle. Digital Mockup is enriched by all the activities that contribute to describing the product. The product design engineers, the manufacturing engineers, and the support engineers work together to create and manage the DMU. One of the objectives is to have an important knowledge of the future or the supported product to replace any physical prototypes with virtual ones, using 3D computer graphics techniques. As an extension it is also frequently referred to as Digital Prototyping or Virtual Prototyping. These two specific definitions refer to the production of a physical prototype, but they are part of the DMU concept. DMU allows engineers to design and configure complex products and validate their designs without ever needing to build a physical model.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mockup
Among the techniques and technologies that make this possible are:
the use of light-weight 3D models with multiple levels of detail using lightweight data structures such as JT XVL and PDF allow engineers to visualize, analyze, and interact with large amounts of product data in real-time on standard desktop computers.
direct interface to between Digital Mockups and PDM systems.
active digital mockup technology that unites the ability to visualize the assembly mockup with the ability to measure, analyze, simulate, design and redesign.
microinjection is a technique for introducing a solution of DNA into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet.
biotechnology is the use of biological knowledge for the development of industrial processes, and the production of useful organisms and their products. The manipulation of DNA has led to a range of applications of modern biotechnology techniques. Techniques such as recombinant DNA technology and DNA identification are applied particularly in agriculture and environmental conservation.
In the following we summarise the applications of DNA technology used in natural conservation
Diagnosis:
- DNA profiles to protect animals in wild
- captive breeding programs
Curing:
- control of feral pests
- bioremediation
see omega-3 fatty acids
the radiation dose is the amount of energy from radiation that is actually absorbed by the body. This is not the same as measurements of the amount of radiation in the environment.
the amount of a substance to which a person is exposed over some time period. Dose is a measurement of exposure. Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil. In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect. An "exposure dose" is how much of a substance is encountered in the environment. An "absorbed dose" is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
dose-response relationship is the relationship between the amount of exposure − given in dose − to a substance and the resulting response, the changes in body function or health.
A new directly acting European Regulation called in short “CLP” came into force introducing a new scheme of Classification, Labelling and Packaging that is initially an option to compliance with the requirements of national legislation implementing the DSD and DPD, but which in time (from 1.12.2010 for substances and 1.6.2015 for mixtures – the new name for preparations) will become the mandatory requirement, with the DSD and DPD finally being revoked on 1.6.2015.
A major element of the DSD in the past was the determination by European Member States experts of a harmonised classification for SOME substances, which was then published in the Annex I to the DSD. Publication of a newly adopted European harmonised classification, and subsequent revisions to the entry, in Annex I were made through Adaptation to Technical Progress (ATP) Directives adopted by Commission. However on 20th January 2009 the Annex I to the DSD was revoked by the CLP Regulation and replaced, as a source of EU harmonised classifications for the purposes of classifications under the DSD, by Table 3.2 of Annex VI of CLP. Note Bene: The original Table 3.2 of CLP only incorporated the DSD Annex I prior to the 30th and 31st ATPs to the DSD, see below. Table 3.2 also contained some significant “corrections” compared to the former DSD Annex I listing that was at that time found on the Consumer Products Safety & Quality (CPS&Q) Unit (formerly the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB)) website, and in the UK HSE L142 Approved Supply List (ASL). In August 2008 the European Commission adopted the 30th ATP to the DSD. This was published as Commission Directive 2008/58/EC and was published in the EC Official Journal L 246 on 15 September 2008.
In early 2009 the Commission also adopted a 31st ATP to the DSD. This was published as Commission Directive 2009/2/EC and was published in the EC Official Journal L 11 on 16 January 2009.
Legally the effects of the 30th and 31st ATPs to the DSD were rendered null and void when the CLP Regulation came into force on 20 February 2009.
However, the changes adopted by the 30th and 31st ATPs were implemented late in 2009 by the Regulation (EC) No 790/2009, the 1st Adaptation to Technical Progress (ATP) to the EC CLP Regulation (again see the Supply section on our legislation page) and will have to be applied by 1.12.2010 at the latest. This ATP made amendments to the Table 3.1 and 3.2 Lists.
Note: Both these lists are available on the Consumer Products Safety & Quality (CPS&Q) Unit (formerly the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB)) as separate Microsoft XL files (Table 3.1 and Table 3.2). This site also has a very useful data base which enables a simultaneous search of both lists using a variety of searches.
Source: http://www.chcs.org.uk/chemical-hazards-legislation-international.htm
The principal legislation currently in the European Union (EU) (formerly the European Community (EC) and before that the European Economic Community (EEC)) relating to the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of dangerous substances and preparations was, until January 2009, that of the 67/548/EEC Dangerous Substances Directive (DSD), which, as a Directive, Member States had to implement by passing national legislation. The DSD also contained new substance notification requirements but from June 2008 these were revoked and replaced by the directly acting REACH Regulation. The DSD also contained a requirement to supply Safety Data Sheets for substances, but REACH took over this requirement from June 2008. The detailed SDS requirements were subject to the 91/155/EC Safety Data Sheet Directive (SDSD), but this was also revoked and replaced, with effect from 1 June 2007, by REACH. To prevent preparations having to be classified by testing in the same way as substances, the 1999/45/EC Dangerous Preparations Directive (DPD) was introduced to provide an alternative conventional (mathematical) system for classification. The DPD also contains special packaging and special labelling requirements for certain preparations. The DPD also used to contain a requirement for the supply of SDSs, but this was revoked, with effect from 1 June 2007, by REACH.
Source: http://www.chcs.org.uk/chemical-hazards-legislation-international.htm
the outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust comprises the continents and ocean basins. It has a variable thickness, being 35–70 km thick in the continents and 5-10 km thick in the ocean basins. The crust is composed mainly of alumino-silicates. The oceanic crust of the Earth is different from its continental crust. The oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The continental crust is mostly composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the oceanic crust. The crust is underlain by the Mantle. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovièiæ discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust and the underlying relatively rigid mantle make up the lithosphere.
the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.
the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances, EINECS: these are substances, excluding polymers, that were commercially available in the EU from 1 January 1971 to 18 September 1981. These were considered registered registered under Article 8(1) of directive 67/548/EEC, dangerous substance directive The identifying number of these substances is called the EINECS number.
European List of Notified Chemical Substances, ELINCS: these are substances that became commercially available after 18 September 1981. The identifying number of these substances is called the ELINCS number.
The "No-longer Polymers" list, NLP-list: the definition of polymers was changed in April, 1992 with the result that substances previously considered to be polymers were no longer excluded from regulation. Consequently, a list, called the NLP-list, was made of such substances that were commercially available between after 18 September 1981 and 31 October 1993. The identifying number of these substances is called the NLP number.
the three European lists of substances from the previous EU chemicals regulatory framework, EINECS, ELINCS and the NLP-list, in combination are called the EC Inventory. The EC Inventory is the source for the EC Number as an identifier of substances.
the European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union.
The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 27 Commissioners. There is one Commissioner per member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.
European Coalition to End Animal Experiments was established in 1990 by animal organisations across Europe to successfully campaign to ban cosmetics testing on animals and to ensure that the Cosmetics Directive introduced a ban on the marketing of cosmetics tested on animals.
The ECEAE opposes the use of animals for experimentation on scientific and ethical grounds. Committed to using strictly peaceful means to end all animal experiments, the ECEAE promotes modern, non-animal research techniques.
See also: http://www.eceae.org/
European Centre for ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals.
The Association's main objective is to identify, evaluate, and through such knowledge help the industry to minimise any potentially adverse effects on human health and the environment that may arise from the manufacture and use of chemicals. To achieve this, ECETOC facilitates the networking of suitably qualified scientists from its member companies and co-operates in a scientific context with international agencies, government authorities and professional societies.
Its visionis to be the leading European health and environmental sciences organisation enabling the safe manufacture, handling and use of chemicals, biomaterials and pharmaceuticals.
Its mission is to promote the use of good science in human and environmental risk assessment of chemicals, biomaterials and pharmaceuticals.
The approach of ECETOC pursues its vision and mission according to an issue-based science strategy that was launched in 2007. It is broken down into 13 science areas that are grouped according to 5 main themes:
• Presence of chemicals in humans
• Presence of chemicals in the environment
• Effects in humans and ecosystems
• Methods
• Science of risk assessment
See also: http://www.ECETOC.org
The REACH database of registered substances can be found here:
http://apps.echa.europa.eu/registered/registered-sub.aspx