Lexikon
all kind of risk reduction options which are able to mitigate risk of contaminated soil. During the decision-making procedure the remediation options should be collected, enlisted, evaluated and based on the priority point of views make the selection between them to find the best possible solution for a certain problem.
remote sensing - in a very general sense - is a technique for getting information about objects by analysing data collected by instruments that were not in direct contact with the objects. However, in environmental monitoring the term of remote sensing is generally used for observation of the Earth via instruments placed on board planes or satellites.
renewable energy is kind of energy which is generated from natural resources such as sun-energy, wind-energy, hydropower, tides, geothermal energy and biomass. These all are naturally replenished sources.
In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning and 3% from hydroelectricity. New type renewable resources (biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for 2.4% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new renewables (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy).
repeatability is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.
the repeated dose toxicity comprises the general toxicological effects occurring as a result of repeated daily exposure to a substance for a part of the expected lifespan (sub-acute or sub-chronic exposure) or for the major part of the lifespan (chronic exposure).
These general toxicological effects include effects on body weight and/or body weight gain, absolute and/or relative organ and tissue weights, alterations in clinical chemistry, urinalysis and/or haematological parameters, functional disturbances in the nervous system as well as in organs and tissues in general, and pathological alterations in organs and tissues as examined macroscopically and microscopically. Besides this information on possible adverse general toxicological effects, repeated dose toxicity studies may also provide other information on e.g. reproductive toxicity or carcinogenicity or may identify specific manifestations of toxicity such as e.g., neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, endocrine-mediated effects...
The objectives of assessing repeated dose toxicity are to evaluate:
- whether repeated exposure of humans to a substance has been associated with adverse toxicological effects; these human studies potentially may also identify populations that have higher susceptibility;
- whether repeated administration of a substance to experimental animals causes adverse toxicological effects; effects that are predictive of possible adverse human health effects;
- the target organs, the potential cumulative effects and the reversibility of the adverse toxicological effects;
- the dose-response relationship and the threshold for any of the adverse toxicological effects observed in the repeated dose toxicity studies;
Source: REACH
reproducibility is the variation arising using the same measurement process among different instruments and operators, and over longer time periods.
It can be distinguished from repeatability, which is the variation arising when all efforts are made to keep conditions constant by using the same instrument and operator, and repeating during a short time period.
reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well as developmental toxicity in the offspring. As a short name "reprotox" is also used. Those chemical substances which may cause reproductive toxicity are reprotoxic substances.
Reproductive Toxicity is differentiated into:
– adverse effects on sexual function and fertility;
– adverse effects on development;
– effects on or via lactation. (REACH)
Animal tests include evaluating the effects of prenatal exposure on pregnant animals and their offspring [OECD Test Guideline (TG) 414]. This test is usually performed with female rats and rabbits. The test substance is administered orally, the pregnant animals are killed just prior to delivery, and the fetuses are examined for toxic effects. A one-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD TG 415) in rats or mice is used to evaluate toxic effects on male and female reproduction. Males and females are dosed orally before mating, and females during pregnancy. A two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD TG 416) continues dosing with the test substance to the first generation offspring. OECD TG 421 (Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Assay) uses male and female rats with the test substance administered orally for 4-9 weeks. Pathological effects are determined by daily observation, necropsy, and microscopic histopathology.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted two draft proposals for new reproductive/developmental toxicity TGs in October 2007. Draft Proposal 426,
An ICCVAM-NICEATM workshop reviewed the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX) as a potential alternative for assessing developmental toxicants. The method was deemed not ready for validation, so recommendations were made for its continued development.
The ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC) "endorsed three in vitro methods for embryotoxicity testing as scientifically validated" (ESAC Statements, May 1, 2002):
- Embryonic stem cell test for embryotoxicity
- Micromass embryotoxicity assay
- Whole rat embryo embryotoxicity assay
The ESAC recommended these in vitro methods as ready for regulatory acceptance but acknowledged they cannot replace the animal tests. However, when used as part of a testing strategy, they could contribute to reducing animal use. (Source: http://www.alttox.org/ttrc/toxicity-tests/repro-dev-tox/)
see as reproductive toxicity.
reprotoxic is a chemical substance, which may cause reproductive toxicity. Reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well as developmental toxicity in the offspring.
Reproductive Toxicity is differentiated into:
– adverse effects on sexual function and fertility;
– adverse effects on development;
– effects on or via lactation.
reproductive toxicity is of obvious high concern because the continuance of the human species is dependent on the integrity of the reproductive cycle. It is characterised by multiple diverse endpoints, such as impairment of male and female reproductive functions or capacity (fertility), induction of non-heritable harmful effects on the progeny (developmental toxicity) and effects on or mediated via lactation.
The objectives of assessing reproductive toxicity are to establish:
- whether exposure of humans to the substance of interest has been associated with reproductive toxicity;
- whether, on the basis of information other than human data, it can be predicted that the substance will cause reproductive toxicity in humans;
- whether the pregnant female is potentially more susceptible to general toxicity;
- the dose-response relationship for any adverse effects on reproduction.
Source: REACH
A parameter used in chromatographic separation techniques. The time it takes for an eluate to move through a chromatographic system and to REACH the detector. The retention time for the components might be different depending on the interaction with the stationary phase. retention times are reproducible and can therefore be compared to a standard for analyte identification. In gas chromatography the retention time of the compounds with similar structure, e.g. non-branched saturated hydrocarbons is proportional with the carbon number.
environmental risk assessment provides an objective, technical evaluation of the likelihood of unacceptable impacts to human health and the environment. The purpose is to assess the need for protective measures, since a specific risk assessment is a precondition for any such protective measures. (Source: EUGRIS)
the Committee for risk Assessment (RAC) is an Agency committee that is responsible for preparing the opinion of the Agency on evaluations, applications for authorisation, proposals for restrictions and proposals for classification and labelling under the classification and labelling inventory task and any other questions that arise from the operation of this Regulation relating to risks to human health or the environment. The RAC consists of at least one but no more than two members from the nominees of each Member State appointed by the Management Board for a renewable term of three years. The Committee members may be accompanied by advisers on scientific, technical or regulatory matters.
(Source: REACH)
final step in chemical safety assessment, it consists of estimation of the incidence and severity of the adverse effects likely to occur in a human population or environmental compartment due to actual or predicted exposure to a substance. It may include a “risk estimation”, i.e. the quantification of that likelihood. risk characterisation is made for each exposure scenario and for each target population or compartment. (Source: REACH Glossary)
measures in the control strategy for a substance that reduce the emission and exposure to a substance, thereby reducing and controlling the risk to human health or the environment.
RMMs include e.g. containment of process, local exhaust ventilation, gloves, waste water treatment, exhaust air filters.
More general: RMMs include any action, use of tool, change of parameters state that is introduced during manufacture or use of a substance (either in a pure state or in a preparation) in order to prevent, control, or reduce exposure of humans and/or the environment.
Source: REACH Glossary
Source: REACH Glossary.
the dumped red mud poses risk on humans, nature and built environment. The main risks are the following:
- Risk of the tailing-dumps: statical risks such as break of dams,
- Chemical risks due to high pH: dermal and eye irritation and corrosion,
- Risk of the high pH dust on the respiratory system,
- Some red muds contain toxic metals in higher concentration than acceptable.
See also: red mud components and red mud recycling
a body of inland water flowing for the most part on the surface of the land but which may flow underground for part of its course.
he area of land from which all surface run-off flows through a sequence of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes into the sea at a single river mouth, estuary or delta.
the area of land and sea, made up of one or more neighbouring river basins together with their associated groundwaters and coastal waters, which is identified under 60/2000/EC, Article 3(1) as the main unit for management of river basins.
Information provided on substance properties derived from testing (or otherwise), should be supported by sufficient information to show that the results are valid and reliable. Data should be traceable and validated.
REACH refers to study summaries and robust study summaries which it defines as:
Study summary: A summary of the objectives, methods, results and conclusions of a full study report providing sufficient information to make an assessment of the relevance of the study.
Robust study summary: A detailed summary of the objectives, methods, results and conclusions of a full study report providing sufficient information to make an independent assessment of the study minimising the need to consult the full study report.
A robust study summary is more detailed than a study summary, but even these definitions do not really clearly define the boundary between them. It will be ECHA and the MSCAs during the evaluation process who make the final decision on whether enough information has been provided.
IUCLID 5 contains input fields for (robust) study summaries data. It also asks for a confidence rating in the results of the study. Not all data will carry the same weight. It is also possible to attach the full study to the IUCLID file, but this should be done in addition to completing the data entry fields, not instead of.
Source: http://www.reach-serv.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=64